Sika language Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sika_language

Sikka
Sikka
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Flores
Ethnicity	Sikka
Native speakers	(180,000 cited 1995)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Central–Eastern MP Flores–Lembata Sikka; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ski
Glottolog	sika1262

The Sikka language or Sikkanese, also known as Sika,^[2] is spoken by around 180,000 people of the Sika ethnic group on Flores island in East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It is a member of the Central Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family.

Sikka is notable for being one of the few languages which contain a non-allophonic labiodental flap. Like many other languages in eastern Indonesia, it shows evidence of having a Papuan (non-Austronesian) substratum, but in the case of Sika, this includes extreme morphological simplification and about 20% lexical replacement in basic vocabulary. It has been hypothesized that the Austronesian languages in that area could be descendants of a creole language, resulting from the intrusion of Austronesian languages into eastern Indonesia.^[3]

Sika has at least three recognized dialects:

Sikka Natar, which is generally perceived in the region to be the most refined and most prestigious of the Sika speech varieties.
Sara Krowe, spoken in the central hills of Sika-speaking people.
Ata Tana 'Ai or Sara Tana 'Ai, used by both outsiders and insiders to refer to the people and language of the region; it is also used as a ritual language.^[2]

Phonology

Consonants

Sika has the following consonant phonemes:^[2]

		Bilabial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	Voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
Plosive	Voiced	b	d		g
Fricative	Voiceless		s			h
Fricative	Voiced	β
Affricate				d͡ʒ
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Lateral			l
Trill			r

Vowels

Sika has the following vowel phonemes:^[2]

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Low		a

References

^ Sikka at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lewis, Ε. D.; Grimes, Charles E. (1995). "Sika". In Tryon, Darrell T. (ed.). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-1108-8401-1.
^ Gil, David (2015). "The Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area". In N. J. Enfield; Bernard Comrie (eds.). Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-5015-0168-5.

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[e18-1] Sikka at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[:0-2] Lewis, Ε. D.; Grimes, Charles E. (1995). "Sika". In Tryon, Darrell T. (ed.). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-1108-8401-1.

[3] Gil, David (2015). "The Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area". In N. J. Enfield; Bernard Comrie (eds.). Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-5015-0168-5.

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