Indian soap opera Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_soap_opera

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Indian television dramas, often called Indian series or Indian serials, are scripted television programs made in India, featuring Indian actors. These dramas are broadcast on Indian television networks.^[1][2] India's first television drama, Hum Log (Hindi), aired from 1984 to 1985 and had 154 episodes.^[3] Ekta Kapoor's Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi (2000–2008) became the first Indian TV drama to surpass 1,000 episodes, with a total of 1,833 episodes, entering the Limca Book of Records.^[4] The Marathi series Char Divas Sasuche (2001–2013) reached 3,200 episodes, becoming the first Indian series to exceed 3,000 episodes, also entering the Limca Book of Records. The Telugu series Abhishekam (2008–2022) was the first Indian show to reach 4,000 episodes, ending on 1 February 2022. The Hindi series Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (2009–present), with over 4,700 episodes as of 2025, is India's longest-running Hindi TV drama and soap opera, airing for 16 years.^[5]

Indian television dramas are produced in nearly all major languages spoken in India, often blending the local language like Hindi with English. These shows are also broadcast in various parts of South Asia, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North and Latin America, and parts of Africa.^[6][7]

By the late 2010s, the popularity of daytime and afternoon dramas had declined, and currently, no mainstream channels broadcast such programs.^[8] Today, the major networks with nationwide prime-time television dramas are Colors TV, Star Plus, Sony Entertainment Television, Sun TV, and Zee TV. In 2017, networks attempted to regain viewership by reintroducing shows in the afternoon and daytime slots. Star Plus briefly revived the afternoon slot, but it ended by 30 September 2017.^[9]

Hum Log was India's first television drama, airing from 1984 to 1985 with a total of 154 episodes.^[10] At the time, it was the longest-running serial in Indian television history. The show attracted around 60 million viewers, with each episode lasting about 25 minutes, except for the final episode, which was about 55 minutes long.^[11]

Veteran Hindi film actor Ashok Kumar appeared at the end of each episode, where he discussed the story and situations using Hindi couplets and limericks. In later episodes, he introduced the actors playing the characters and ended his monologues with variations of the phrase "Hum Log."

Television serials have undergone significant transformations over the years, reflecting changing audience preferences, societal shifts, and advancements in production quality^[12]. The evolution can be broadly categorized into the following phases:

• 1985–1990: Socially Driven Narratives & Literary Adaptations – Focus on social issues, civic concerns, and moral dilemmas, often adapted from literature. Televised telefilms and anthologies were popular.
• 1990–1997: Emotionally Driven, Character-Centric Stories – Shift towards personal struggles, relationships, and self-discovery, with deeper emotional themes.
• 1998–2002: Rise of Family Dramas – Family-centric storytelling gained popularity, focusing on interpersonal relationships and generational conflicts in a limited episode format.
• 2003–2008: Modern Family Dramas & Youth-Centric Themes – Stories evolved to reflect career aspirations, changing values, and contemporary lifestyles, appealing to younger audiences.
• 2007–2017: Stylized, Multi-Season Family Dramas – Peak of high-budget, long-running serials with generation leaps, elaborate sets, and dramatic narratives, spanning multiple seasons.

Years	Themes	Types of serials	Notes
1985–1990	Novel based and Novel type stories such as Social issues Social evils(social problem.) Social injustice and pain Social systems Civic issues Crimes Income issue Classical arts (musical, dance)related dramas such as Noopur TV Series 1990–& Phoolwanti Family loss Romance	Rajani Nukkad Kissa Kathmandu Mein Udaan Isi Bahane "Air Hostess" 1986 serial that aired in the 1980s on Doordarshan, India's national television channel, was a popular show starring Kitu Gidwani	(Drama genres) Social drama Novel type dramas i) Trishna inspired by Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice ii) Malgudi Days based on R. K. Narayan's 1943 work Sitcom (Wagle Ki Duniya)from 1988 to 1990. Classic dramas
1991–1997	Romantic Dramatic, Emotional series, Friendships, Relationships Particular Individual life story and perspective	Doosra Keval Aurat Shanti Junoon Hasratein Tara Swabhimaan Beta Sneha Ek Raja Ek Rani Waqt ki Raftar Ithihaas Thoda Hai Thode Ki Zaroorat Hai	First Romantic serial Phir Wahi Talash Melodrama with intense plots, heightened emotion and Emotional dramas, Tragic-drama, Legal Drama (Kannoon) Hum paanch, Tu Tu Main Main well known comic drama Family drama relationships (story line based)which dealt with sensitive relationships strained relations, stigmatized Relationships Family loss
1998–2002	Rise and Popularity of Family Dramas	Sukanya Kora kagaaz Heena Kanyadaan Kavita AAshirwaad Dollar Bahu Kasamm Hum Pardesi Ho Gaye Rishtey Babul Ki Duwayen Leti Jaa Mehndi Tere Naam Ki Tu Kahe Agar Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani	Rise after Family dramas popularity after Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi CID first Indian police procedural television series Suraag – The Clue is an Indian television first detective-crime drama series
2003–2006	Family TV Dramas created to attract younger generation audience in fashionable manner	Kasautii Zindagii Kay Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand Kyun Hota Hai Pyar Kutumb Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai Dishayen Tumhari Disha Kasamh Se Aakrosh(2004-series) Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat Sahara One launched novel based serial Sahib Biwi Gulam series is based on the 1953 Bengali novel Saheb Bibi Golam by Bimal Mitra which starred Actor Raveena Tandon was directed by Rituparno Ghosh with 104 episodes Grihdaah TV drama based on one of the best novels of Sharatchand, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's epic novel.[13] Karishma – The Miracles Of Destiny, Virrudh, Shikwah, Waaris had been critically acclaimed for its story and power packed performances. Savithri (2010 TV series) which aired on Jaya TV played by Actor Sanghavi had 150 episodes & had strong emotional content Sarabhai vs Sarabhai, Khichdi, Shararat – Thoda Jaadu, Thodi Nazaakat best sitcoms.
2007–2016	Rise in Modern family dramas and Rural based dramas	TV serials which brought negative role as second main lead Gharana....Role Pranjal Kothari Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin....Role Mallika Seth Lipstick (TV series)....Role Sheetal Singhania Main Banoongi Miss India...Role Sanjana Gujral Lakshmi....Role Nethra Kayamath....Role Ayesha Dahhej (2007 TV series)...Role krithika Uttaran..Role Tapasya Saath Nibhaana Saathiya...Role Rashi and Role Meera Maharani....Role Rani Deivam Thandha Veedu & Chandanamazha (Remake of Saath Nibhaana Saathiya)...Role of Rashi played in regional language version(Malayalam :varsha);(Tamil :priya) Thalayanai Pookal..Role Kalpana & Mallika Devathaiyai Kanden...Role Bavithra Saarrthi...Role Shefali Yuvraj Goenka (Adita Wahi / Tiya Gandwani as Shefali Yuvraj Goenka (2004–2006) / (2006–2007)) Chandralekha...Role Lekha Raja Rani season2...Role Archana Savitri Devi College & Hospital....Role by Actor Sonica Handa as Gayatri Raisinghania(pivotal role) Ek Hasina Thi.... Role by Actor Simone Singh as Sakshi Goenka (Pivotal role) Pivotal roles which stole the screen space and matched to lead e.g.: The character of Thiripura Sundhari Laxmanan played by Yuvarani Bhuvaneshwari Laxmanan played by Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran / Sudha Chandran in Thendral which had 3 main leads Rupal Patel as Kokila Desai Modi in Saath Nibhaana Saathiya which had two main leads **Takurain played by Asmita Sharma in Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya Abiramavalli "Abirami" Madhanplayed by Brinda Das in Anandham (TV series)	From 2003 First TV serial which brought second role as negative lead e.g.:Sanjivani (2002 TV series)....Rupali Ganguly as Dr Simran 2013:Saraswatichandra which was produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali inspired on Saraswatichandra by Govardhanram Tripathi.[14] 2014:Yudh (TV series) is psychological thriller & miniseries starred Amitabh Bachchan, Sarika, Zakir Hussain, Mona Wasu, Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Kay Kay Menon 2016:Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai which is Musical drama television series of two sisters who are musical singers which puts them in distance, rivalry and misunderstandings.
2017–2020	Few tele series made with T.v main leads or parallel leads do Dabang (authoritative/rebel)type of roles.[15]	Tv serials with main leads or parallel leads as Dabang (authoritative/rebel)type Agnifera... Yukti Kapoor as Ragini Rishton Ka Chakravyuh... Mahima Makwana as Anami Baldev Singh Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya; Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2....Parvati Sehgal as Komal Singh Thakur Azhagu (TV series)...VJ Sangeetha as Poorna In mid 2000's TV serial from Balaji Telefilms Limited which launched a Tamil serial with new rare concept Kanavaru kahawhich had 2 leads The Main lead was Actor Sujitha & the serial had next lead character played by Ahalya fame Tinky Simar Kaur as Padmini with Strong headed personality. Parvati sehgal played second lead with negative shades and aggressive type in Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya.[16]	From 2017 Rural based dramas were decreased, Rural based dramas had strong content which ran for short period of time Laado 2 which was the sequel of the 2009–2012 series Na Aana Is Des Laado ran for 7 months ending 130 episodes, There was a change in viewers point of view

• Mini series, Sitcoms, Individual series, comedy series,Family dramas as per female centric series,Relationship dynamics,Fantasy
• Clear division between audiences as per age and places Urban ,Semi-urban,Rural
• From time span of 1994 to 2000 Shanti series of 1994 to Dushman (TV Series 2000–2001),Saaya &Kavita serials dealt with the content of Story based and Relationship dynamics
• Banegi Apni Baat
• Safar
• Kashish (serial)
• Kash-m-kash
• Raja Aur Rancho
• Tu Tu Main Main
• Dekh Bhai Dekh
• Shrimaan Shrimati
• Zabaan Sambhalke
• Chandrakanta
• Captain House
• Hello Inspector
• Imtihaan
• Mahashakti
• Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi
• Cafe 18 (TV Series 1998)

• Prem Daan (1992) by Actors Khushbu Sundar & Nitish Bharadwaj.
• Kadhal Pagadai (1996) series acted by Rahman & Mohini directed by veteran Tamil film director K. Balachander.
• Bangle Box by Actor Nandita Das.
• Suno Re Kissa (1991) by Manoj Bajpayee in Theatrical Play format.

• MTV Fully Faltoo by MTV (Indian TV channel) for a period of approx.ten years.

• From the period 1998-2003 Heena (TV series) ,Ghar Ek Mandir (TV series),Shaheen (Indian TV series),Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani' to Manshaa Simple Version of Family dramas ended.

• Serials in Early 2000's like Heena (TV series) ,,Aandhi (TV series), ,Piyaa Binaa,Kundali (TV Series 2000–2001),Shagun,Kahin Diyaa Jale Kahin Jiyaa,Jannat ,Kaliren,Kabhi Aaye Na Judaai,Kehta Hai Dil,Zameen Se Aassman Tak,Piya Ka Ghar,Meher – Kahani Haq Aur Haqeeqat Ki,Mehndi Tere Naam Ki had Simple version of family dramas with limited episodes.

• Serial contents that focused on Younger audiences
  • Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr
  • Kutumb (TV series)
  • Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin
  • Saara Akaash and more series during that period

• Rise after Family dramas popularity after Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi serial which were based on whole Virani family and Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii which were based on entire Agarwal family in 2000s

• From 2003 a type of trend start to begin to have a different joint combination of male antagonist and female antagonist to make the series more interesting, still this kind of trend is maintained
  • Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi....year 2004...(Anshu virani & Tanya)
  • Sanjivani (2002 TV series)....year 2003...(Dr Umesh and Dr Simran Chopra)
  • Dishayen...season2 ...year 2003...(Sameer and soniya)
  • Kolangal (TV series)....year 2004...(Adhi and Rekha);
  • Banoo Main Teri Dulhann....year 2006...(Harsh and Sindoora)
  • Deivamagal....year 2016...(Nambi and Gayathri anniyar)
  • Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)...year 2007...(Pratham mittal and Samapda)
  • Currently in 2023:Hum Rahein Na Rahein Hum...year 2023...(Samar Barot & Roshni Sahni)
• In 2005 Integration episode(Mahasangam), TV star Guest appearances, Film actor Guest appearances for Promotion of film started to begin in serials^[17][18] and reboot, spin off of more seasons were made for serial popularity.

• Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyannwas the first serial having four leads in the serial
• Multi heroine lead serials trend had popularity in regional languages after the success of Uttaran followed by Saath Nibhaana Saathiya, Amrit Manthan & Sasural Simar Ka.
• whereas in (2001–2010) past years serials dealt with twins and similar faces Doppelgänger were popular
• Multi heroine leads in TV soaps were launched.E.g.
  • Kahiin to Hoga
  • Maayka
  • Hamari Betiyoon Ka Vivaah
  • Betiyaan Apni Yaa... Paraaya Dhan
  • Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai
  • Behenein
  • Kasak
  • Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai
  • Pirivom Santhippom (Remake of Bidaai serial)
  • Roja Kootam
  • Amber Dhara
  • Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?
  • Athipookal
  • Uravugal

• During mid 2006's love story serials increased which attracted only the specific audience younger generation at that time and could not extend long run .so the content makers started to develop family dramas which included romance to cover the whole mass audience with all age groups (Middle aged and old).E.g.
  • Sanjog Se Bani Sangini
  • Tere liye
  • Kadhalikka Neramillai
  • Ek Ladki Anjaani Si
  • Kkavyanjali
  • Jabb Love Hua
  • Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani
  • Chand Ke Paar Chalo
  • Kya Dill Mein Hai
  • Saathii Re
  • Jeevan Saathi – Humsafar Zindagi Ke

• After the serial of Durgesh Nandinii, and Balika Vadhu More tele serials popped up related to obstacles faced by Rural life of residing people
  • Na Aana Is Des Laado
  • Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo
  • Ganga Kii Dheej
  • Bandini
  • Laagi Tujhse Lagan
  • Do Saheliyaan... Kismat Ki Kathputaliyaan
  • Adhikaar ek kasam ek tapasya
  • Sanskaar Laxmi
  • Tere Mere Sapne
  • Waaris (2016 TV series)
  • Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera
  • Nadhaswaram
  • Main Babul Ke Des

From 2000, Indian TV serials introduced and maintained the strategy of bringing pivotal roles parallel to lead roles or to modify content in between the series.

• 2001:Choti Maa - Ek Anokha Bandhan (TV Series 2001–2002)→ The Role of Ajay by Ajay Kapoor Adhi
• 2004:Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii→The Role of Harpreet Gill by Samar Jai Singh
• 2004:Ye Meri Life Hai→The Role of Professor Vikram Roy by Sudhanshu Pandey
• 2006: Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai→The Role of Nishant Saxena by Hiten Tejwani & Gauri Pradhan Tejwani as Kanan
• 2006: Banoo Main Teri Dulhann→The Role of Gayatri – Sagar's aunt by Jaya Bhattacharya
• 2007:Bhabhi→ The Role of Geetanjali Dev Thakral by Gurdeep Kohli
• 2007:Teen Bahuraaniyaan→ The Role of Vrinda Desai - Janki's aunt by Smriti Irani
• 2007:Khwaish→ The supporting role of Kabir Khan made an impact as a parallel lead and a severe twist in the plot till the end of the series by Sumeet Sachdev
• 2008:Maayka→ The Role of Mohini Malhotra by Zarina Wahab
• 2010:Saath Nibhaana Saathiya→ The Role of Kokila Desai Modi by Rupal Patel
• 2011:Bandini→The Role of Rishabh Hiten Mahiyavanshi by Mohit Raina
• 2012:Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli→The Role of Dr. Viren Roy by Mohammed Iqbal Khan
• 2019:Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke→ The Role of Meenakshi Rajvansh by Rupal Patel
• 2021:Tera Mera Saath Rahe→ The Role of Mithila Modi by Rupal Patel
• 2021:Choti Sarrdaarni→Tabrez Khan as Pratap & Kratika Sengar as Sandhya Shastri

changes in late 1990s and 2000's in Negative characters

Year & TV serials	Negative characters play in a sugar-coated passive way.
2000:Sontham by AVM Productions- Serials	Role Varsha
2001:Dishayen by Time Magnetics	Role Soniya
2003:Anandham by Sathya Jyothi Films	Role Abiramavalli "Abirami" Madhan
2004:Kolangal by Vikatan Televistas	Role Rekha
2007:Kasautii Zindagii Kay by Ekta Kapoor's Balaji Telefilms	Role Sampada
2008:Kasamh Se by Ekta Kapoor's Balaji Telefilms	Role Meera
2011:Rishton Ke Bhanwar Mein Uljhi Niyati by Creative Eye Limited	Role Vaishali Shastri
2013:Saath Nibhaana Saathiya by Rashmi Sharma under Rashmi Sharma Telefilms	Role Radha
2009:Thendral by Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd	Role Charulatha
2021:Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi,season 3	Role Sanjana Arora
2023:Magarasi by Sun Entertainment Citram Studios	Role Chandrika Senthoora Pandiyan

Left Right Left on SAB TV followed the story of six cadets at an Indian Army academy.

• Virrudh

Biographical dramas based on historical figures gained popularity on Indian television. Notable examples include Chanakya, Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan, Veer Shivaji, Jhansi Ki Rani, Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur, Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap, Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat, Rudramadevi. These shows depicted significant moments and figures from Indian history.

Popular comedy shows include Khushiyan, Soni Mahiwal, Baa Bahoo Aur Baby, Bhaskar Bharti, Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale, Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story, Maddam Sir.

Well-known sitcoms include

• Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah
• Classic shows like Sarabhai vs Sarabhai, Khichdi, Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey, Uppum Mulakum, and Thatteem Mutteem, Karyam Nissaram are still considered among the best in India
• Hum Paanch
• Hum Saath Aaat Hain
• Tu Tu Main Main
• Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani
• Malini Iyer
• Shararat
• Kabhi Saas Kabhi Bahu
• Kadvee Khattee Meethi
• Hari Mirchi Lal Mirchi
• FIR
• Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!
• Kya Mast Hai Life
• Best of Luck Nikki
• Chidiya Ghar
• Jeannie Aur Juju
• Sumit Sambhal Lega
• TV Biwi Aur Main
• Sajan Re Phir Jhooth Mat Bolo

Crime dramas have been a staple of Indian television. C.I.D. (1998–2018) followed a team of detectives from Mumbai's Crime Investigation Department and became the longest-running crime show in India, airing for 20 years. Other notable crime and thriller series include Suraag – The Clue, Jasoos Vijay, Special Squad, Monica Mogre – Case Files, Adaalat, C.I.D., 24, CIF, and Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa.

• Firangi Bahu, Anandibaa Aur Emily: Son weds foreign girl and brings her as bahu in his home, culture clash arises between Indian mother in law and foreign daughter in law
• Dollar Bahu

• Vaidehi (2006 TV series)
• Woh Apna Sa
• Dil Se Di Dua... Saubhagyavati Bhava? adaptation Sakthi (TV series)
• Sundarakanda (TV series)
• Kehta Hai Dil
• Jaane Kya Baat Hui
• Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti

Main Banoongi Miss India and Lipstick were notable series focused on fashion.

Fantasy shows like Son Pari, Arslaan, Savitri – Ek Prem Kahani, Shaka Laka Boom Boom, Hatim, and Antariksh – Ek Amar Katha were popular in the early 2000s. Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga aired on Sony SAB from 2018 to 2021.

Air Hostess aired on DD National and was produced by Rupesh Gohil. Airlines, produced by Miditech, featured Tulip Joshi and VJ Yudhishtir in lead roles. Other aviation-related series include Saara Akaash and Chhoona Hai Aasmaan, centered on the air force.^[19][20]

Porus, a historical drama about the Indian king Porus, aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 27 November 2017 to 13 November 2018. It is known as one of the most expensive shows in Indian television history, with a budget of over ₹500 crore.^[21]

Other popular historical series include 21 Sarfarosh – Saragarhi 1897, Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap, Bharatvarsh, Swaraj, Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahaani – Jhansi Ki Rani.

Tenali Rama, based on the life of the Telugu poet Tenali Ramakrishna, aired on Sony SAB starting on 11 July 2017.

Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain:2008 series of Imagine TV (NDTV Imagine) played by Shernaz Patel who played the role of an English Language Trainer in Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain

In 1993, DD Metro aired Kanoon, a courtroom drama with 111 episodes produced by B. R. Chopra.^[22] Another notable legal drama was Adaalat (2010–2016), which focused on a defense lawyer, Advocate K. D. Pathak, played by Ronit Roy.

• Naagina series
  • Naagin
  • Nandini (TV series)
  • Naaginn
• Vishkanya series
  • Vishkanya Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani,Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara
• Bhootani series
  • Hawayein (2004 series): Romantic series of Resham, Ghost & Shahid, a human

• Sahib Biwi Gulam series is based on the 1953 Bengali novel Saheb Bibi Golam by Bimal Mitra
• Grihdaah TV drama based on one of the best novels of Sharatchand, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's epic novel.^[23]
• Sambhav Asambhav is based on a Gujarati novel Sambhav Asambhav written by Harkisan Mehta.^[24]

Shows like Rishton Ka Chakravyuh and Maya explored the complexities of parental relationships but had shorter runs.

• Sarrkkar – Risshton Ki Ankahi Kahani;Penned by Shobhaa De, the serial was produced by Siddhant Cinevision, Zee TV in 2005–2006.

Revenge-thriller shows gained significant attention,^[25] including the following:

• Kasamm (1999–2000) (First revenge series in Indian drama)
• K. Street Pali Hill (2004)
• Ek Hasina Thi (2014)
• Beyhadh (2016–17)

• Love story: (Drama)
  • Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat
• Family drama story: (Drama)
  • Thirumagal: Family Feuds, Greed, Ego and Value Destruction, Usurp, fraud, Murder to get Royal position status
• Romantic-Thriller type of series: (Telefilm series)
  • Hum Rahein Na Rahein Hum: Family politics, Revenge, pride, social status and Royal rules/protocols
• Ancestor Property dispute series
  • Deivamagal

Captain Vyom, an Indian science fiction series, was popular in the late 1990s.

• Shows that addressed societal issues, such as Balika Vadhu (child marriage), Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo (gender discrimination), Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar (societal prejudice), Bidaai and Karuthamuthu (skin color bias), Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann (women empowerment), Dahhej and Sthreedhanam (dowry), Godh Bharaai (childless discrimination) were widely viewed.^[26]
• 2004:Reth
• 2006:Sati...Satya Ki Shakti

• Kolangal
• Banoo Main Teri Dulhann
• Viraasat (2006 TV series)

Superhero shows like Shaktimaan and Aryamaan – Brahmaand Ka Yodha gained popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

• Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat: Sony Entertainment Television
• Ssshhhh...Koi Hai: Star Plus
• Aahat: Sony TV
• Kayaamat :DD National
• Aap Beeti:DD National
• Darr Sabko Lagta Hai: &TV.
• Ek Thhi Naayka:Life OK

• Kana Kaanum Kaalangal,Kana Kaanum Kaalangal (2022 TV series)[(season 1 and season2)]
• School Days(DD serial)

• Yuva (Telugu serial)
• Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi
• Kya Mast Hai Life
• Dill Mill Gayye
• Miley Jab Hum Tum
• Dhak Dhak in Dubai (9X serial)

• Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev achieved record-breaking TRPs and became one of the most successful mythological dramas in India.
• Other popular mythological series include:
  • Mahakali – Anth Hi Aarambh Hai (2017–18).
  • Mahabharat (2013–14).
  • Namah (2019).^[27]

Daytime family dramas, including noon slots and prime-time retelecasts during the daytime, were highly popular throughout the 2000s to 2010s

• Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi: The series focuses on the wealthy Gujarati Virani family Tulsi Virani and her bold journey. Aired on Star Plus
• Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii: The story about Parvati depicts how sometimes one must stand against her loved ones for certain situations. Aired on Star Plus
• Kasautii Zindagi Kay: The poignant love story of Prerna and Anurag and how they reconcile and help each other which creates misunderstandings in new relationships. Aired on Star Plus
• Kaahin Kissii Roz: The cold war of Shaina and Ramola. The battle of daughter-in-law Shaina digs out stepmother-in-law Ramola's past life which creates bitter enmity revenge. Aired on Star Plus
• Kahiin to Hoga: Loosely inspired of the work Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen; story about Kashish and her four sisters. Aired on Star Plus
• Behenein: The story of four united sisters who go through their life after they lose parents. Aired on Star Plus.
• Saath Nibhaana Saathiya: The story of contrasting different sisters Gopi and Rashi. Aired on Star Plus
• Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya: Young, strong-minded woman, Pratigya Saxena who faces more abusive humiliation due to her straightforward attitude. Aired on Star Plus
• Nargis:Nargis is shattered to know that her mother is not her biological parent which sets her on a task to find her real mother. She is perturbed to know that her father had a brief relationship with a woman and she is their love child. Aired on DD National
• Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?: 4 women in Jakhar mansion live with own dark secrets; yet pretend to be very fine happy and at certain moment they decide to fight it jointly. Aired on Star Plus.
• Viraasat: The love story of Rahul Lamba and Priyanka Kharbanda. Their married life gets affected by her brother-in-law Rishabh Lamba having envy and rivalry with his younger brother Rahul and fuelling business rivalry against Priyanka's elder brother Kunal Kharbanda which makes worst impact on their own families. Aired on Star Plus& shifted to STAR One.
• Poovilangu: The story of Thamarai who is educated and married to IT employee where she is made to put down and not given opportunity to work whereas husband who has extra marital relationship with colleague friend Ishwarya. Aired on Star Vijay
• Roja Kootam: 5 women friends who stay in apartment having different experiences loosely inspired by desperate housewives. Aired on Star Vijay
• Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki: Rani Mittal a rich girl who gets married into a poor family and struggles to adjust. Aired on Sahara One
• Ganga Kii Dheej: The story revolves around an isolated ostracized young girl named Pakhi saved by Agantuk is bound to marry him forgetting her lover, Shivom. Aired on Sahara One
• Kkusum: This show is about Kkusum Deshmukh. Aired on Sony Entertainment Television
• Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat: Thriller series are Popular dramas of 2000's. Aired on Sony Entertainment Television
• Maayka: Story about two surviving soni and mahi who lost their parents in accident. Aired on Zee TV
• Kasamh Se: 3 sisters Bani, Piya, Rano taking care of each other gets affected by circumstances and their unity is affected. Aired on Zee TV
• Banoo Main Teri Dulhann: The story of 3 people Vidya, Sagar, Sindoora. Sindoora, who has greedy attitude, prefers to control business and property, pushes her brother Sagar and sister-in-law Vidya to grave difficulty. This series was immensely popular and maintained a strong viewership. Aired on Zee TV
• Koshish – Ek Aashaa: Series about Kajal married to mentally challenged person Neeraj. Aired on Zee TV
• Waaris: Shankar Pratapsingh who works in criminal world with uncontrollable temper. His head Rudra Pratapsingh wishes to utilise his anger for his field. Aired on Zee TV
• Dishayen: A tale of twin sisters Neha & Nikita deceived and trapped in own lie. Aired on DD National
• Kolangal: Ambitious woman Abhi who is envied by her Ex-husband Baskar and shares bitter Rivalry towards her corporate malpractice half-brother Adhitya. Aired on Sun TV
• Thendral: The story about Tulasi how she strives to pursue her education, and her life turns beautiful after she finds supportive husband Tamizh. Aired on Sun TV
• Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani:Dr. Simran Mathur, a renowned gynecologist who marries a man Abhimanyu Saxena a.k.a. Abhi (Dr. Simran's husband) ten years younger than herself and how she is trapped in pungent criticism
• Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii:Story of two childhood friends, Tanushree and Sonia and has misunderstanding friendship breaksafter they discover that they are both married to the same man, Harsh.Aired on Metro Goldlater StarPlus
• Doli Saja Ke:The story of Anupama who faces the society and relations unfair advantage using her father's hatred and misunderstanding.Aired on Sahara One channel
• Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli:The story of joint family lives in mansion namedSwarn Bhawan.Aired on Zee TV
• Aisa des hai mera:The story of a girl Rusti raised in England with her mother realizes her own father is in India and after coming to India life is not easy for rusti & the story unfolds how she faces different perceptions gets adjusted to desi environment after her marriage with Samay.Aired on Sony Entertainment Television
• Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil:This serial launched from March 3, 2008, at 8.30 pm slot after the final completion of Kasuati Zindagi kay is the story is of two lovers, Prem and Heer and their true love made for each other, with other key roles Preet and meher. Aired on StarPlus
• Teen Bahuraaniyaan:Story of daughters-in-law from different backgrounds and how they are united each other Aired on Zee TV
• Sanskar: Family drama;Aired on Doordarshan DD National (DD1)
• Kohi Apna Sa:The drama of 3 best friends Shruti, Khushi and Sanjana;Aired on Zee TV
• Piya Ka Ghar:The story is based on the life of a 21-year-old young girl Rimjhim;Aired on Zee TV
• Zameen Se Aassman Tak:A story deals about family stuck in earthquake tragedy;Aired on Sahara One and produced by Aruna Irani
• Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahaan:Aired on Zee TV which ran for 2 years
• Devi:The story revolves around Gayatri and her injustices and how Gayatri's husband Vikram Sharma gets punished for his actions;Aired on Sony TV
• Aakrosh(2004–2005),Kayaamat:Hindi-language thriller television series;Aired on DD national
• Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka:The story deals with three lives of womenVedika, Niharika & Arpita;Aired on Zee TV
• Parrivaar - Kartavya Ki Pariksha:Story of Radha who has no father where she has to care the family and earn. Aired on Zee TV

• Noon slot family dramas gained particular prominence in the mid-2000s, enjoyed as much success as Prime-time shows.
  • Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan
  • Woh Hue Na Hamare
  • Shikwah
  • Bhabhi
  • Kesar
  • Karam Apnaa Apnaa
  • Meri Doli Tere Angana
  • Hamari Devrani
  • Chotti Bahu
  • Kasak
  • Adhikaar: Ek Kasam Ek Tapasya
  • Diya Aur Baati Hum
  • Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor
  • Gharana
  • Kuchh Jhuki Palkain
  • Stree Teri Kahani
  • Kashmakash Zindagi Ki
  • Peehar
  • Tere mere sapne
• Prime-time shows are re-telecasted during the afternoon slot because too many shows from different channels are telecasted at prime time .Among that one of the shows Zee's 7pm serial Mamta a show about surrogate mother had reteleacast at Noon 12.00pm.STAR plus show Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat had re telecast at Morning-slot at 11.30am
• In 2000-2002 times Ghar Ek Mandir the first popular noon slot show 3.30 PM and repeat telecast at night 9PM.Sony serials like Shaheen and Heena and other popular serials had retelecast at noon slots due to different serials clash at Prime time slots from 7PM-11.30PM
• In 2011 Tere mere sapne the last show of after noon slot in STAR Plus which is famous & Known for Noon shows in mid 1990's and 2000s.
• DD national maintains noon slot timing and week day shows

• It was also common for prime-time shows to be retelecast during the afternoon slot, further boosting their popularity.In 2007 Hindi general entertainment channels re aired old serials during Non prime time hours.
• StarPlus made reteleacast of past hit shows like kyun hota hai pyaar, Shararat, Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand, Kehtha hai dil and other previous completed shows aired in morning(Non-Prime Time hours) from 7.00AM to 11.00 AM.
• Sony aired its old popular completed TV soaps Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai, Kkusum, Ye Meri Life Hai in Morning hours and Non-Prime Time hours.
• DD channel aired Meher serial at Non-Prime Time 4pm in 2009 during Sundays

Weekdays shows were made during early 2000's as more different serials were launched.These shows were the most known shows of 2000s.

• Kehta Hai Dil
• Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand
• Meher
• Dil se door Dil ke paas
• Kyun Hota Hai Pyaar
• Sanjivani
• Devi

In mid 2000, contents of romantic trend of serials & Family Drama Serials with Young Couples were made . It started from Kasautii Zindagii Kay, Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand and then followed as trend. one of the successful serials which started to add romantic themes and chemistry which were well received a mix of reactions from viewers especially from youths.

• Hum Pardesi Ho Gaye
• Kaajjal
• Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi
• Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai
• Hongey Judaa Na Hum
• Kyun Hota Hai Pyaar
• Tere liye
• Dill Mill Gayye
• Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani
• Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin
• Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?
• Teri Meri Love Stories
• Bade Achhe Lagte Hain
• Ye Meri Life Hai
• Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni
• Miley Jab Hum Tum
• Dhak Dhak in Dubai(9X serial))
• Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani
• Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani
• Kutumb
• Pavitra Rishta
• Pavitra Bandhan
• Kadhalikka Neramillai
• Bhaskar Bharti
• Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa
• Kuchh Is Tara
• Office
• Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein
• Sasural Genda Phool

• Jiya Jale
• Kya Dill Mein Hai
• Ghar Ek Sapnaa
• Kulvaddhu
• Hamaari Beti Raaj Karegi
• Shaadi Street
• Hum Dono Hain Alag Alag
• Kahi To Milenge
• Kayaamat
• Kayamath
• Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki

The series which gained popularity for their portrayal of strong female protagonists during that period.

• Choti Maa: Ek Anokha Bandhan:The story of a woman who has painful past is balancing the emotional and professional and family life as well as dealing with step daughter who is completely distracted by her aunt's intermeddler and refused to interact.(Zee TV);
  • The main lead was played by Actor Vaishnavi Macdonald
• Jeete Hain Jiske Liye:The story of a woman Anjali who gets isolated yet she remains to be optimistic throughout.(Sony Entertainment Television)
  • The main lead was played by Actor Renuka Shahane
• Sujata:The story is based on the life of a middle aged married woman name Sujata realize that her family has not respected her value and decides to find her own way to live life(Sony Entertainment Television);
  • The main lead was played by Actor Indrani Haldar
• Thodi Si Zameen Thoda Sa Aasmaan:Motivational story which is about Uma who pursues her dreams despite resistance about the woman empowerment.(StarPlus)
  • The main lead was played by Actor Smriti Irani
• Karishma – The Miracles Of Destiny:The story of Devyani and how she became very successful businesswoman.(Sahara One)
  • The main lead was played by Actor Karisma Kapoor
• Kolangal:The story of Business woman Abhi and her difficulties in her business journey and how her family gets step back and stop doing which is indeed needed for her.She gets help from her rare true close friendship tholkaapian.(SUN TV)
  • The main lead was played by Actor Devayani
• Kucchh Pal Saath Tumhara:The story portrays the life a young woman name Nandini who deals with hardships of life and battles Social norm.(Sahara One)
  • The main lead was played by Actor Sushmita Daan
• Yathumagi Nindrai:The story of 3 woman lawyer, police officer, social worker. (Zee Tamil)
  • The main lead was played by Actors Swarnamalya, Neeraja, Srirekha
• Amber Dhara:The story of Conjoined twins who wishes to become Musicalsinger.(Sony Entertainment Television);The main lead was played by Actors Kashmira Irani & Sulagna Panigrahi
• Hello Pratibha:The story of a house wife prathiba who sacrifices her passion and interests for the sake of family faces the identity crisis by the same family.(Zee TV)
  • The main lead was played by Actor Binny Sharma
• Manshaa:The story of Manshaa dealing with her personal loss.(Zee TV )
  • The main lead was played by Actor Gulrez Khan
• Ladies special season 1:The story of 4 working women.
  • The main lead of First season was played by Actors Neena Gupta, Shilpa Tulaskar, Ashita Dhawan, Payel Sarkar
  • After long gap later season2 was launched on 27 November 2018 with different story line.Aired on (Sony Entertainment Television)
• Savithri:The story and the journey of life of Savithri.Aired on Jaya TV
  • The main lead was played by Actor Sanghavi
• Ek Packet Umeed:The story focuses on Ambika Dharamraj and 15 other members who have all chosen to make a change.
  • Mainlead:Ambika Dharamraj Neena Kulkarni
• Thodi Khushi Thode Gham:Battle of Patriarchy Male dominance which was depicted in nice manner;Aired on Sony TV
  • Main lead:Deepa Parab as Sneha Shah

Virrudh, Rishton Ke Bhanwar Mein Uljhi Niyati, Maharani, Parrivaar - Kartavya Ki Pariksha are based on how daughters role is important being a pillar support as well as with emotional bond and play a significant pivotal role to their families as well as society and how their significant decisions are best in worst situations.

Though these serials had stipulated run but it had strong emotional theme related to parent hood.Few tele-series were created with a focus on parenthood and the complexities of parent-child relationships, such as

• Basera(2009 series)
  • Theme: How mid-aged 50s old couples are treated with disregard by their own children
  • Actors: Ram Kapoor and Pallavi Subhash
• Thalattu(2021 series)
  • Theme:Separation of mother and son through circumstances
  • Actors:Shruthi Raj;Krishna (TV actor);Sri Latha
• Tera Yaar Hoon Main (2020 series)
  • Themes:Father's longing to receive son's affection where his first wife ends in tragedy he puts himself in another trouble when tries to help a woman and his relationship with son gets more misunderstood worsened and devastated.
  • Actors:Sudeep Sahir, Ansh Sinha,Sayantani Ghosh, Shweta Gulati
• Sautela(2007 series)
  • Themes:Father and son emotional bond, longing, unable to express their affection the story tells the relation is related only to blood and how tagged word/derogatory comment of relation has heavy impact on one's life
  • Actors:Mukesh Khanna, Krushna Abhishek
• Mere Papa Hero Hiralal
  • Themes:Father and daughter bond
  • Actors:Sarwar Ahuja, Riva Arora, Ashima Bhalla
• Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi(2011),Parvarrish – Season 2(2015).
  • Themes:Practical story about the reality of Parents, Struggles of upbringing which explored the struggles of parents and their evolving dynamics with children
  • Actors :season1:Shweta Tiwari, Rupali Ganguly, Barkha Sengupta
  • Actors:season2:Sangeeta Ghosh, Gautami Kapoor
• Thangamana purushan(season 2)year of season2:2010;(2008 series-2010)
  • Themes: A person whose wife is mentally sick for losing her child therefore searches his child which is adopted in some other family
  • Actors s2:Neeraja, Sridhar Subramaniyam, Premsai, Abitha (season1)
• Santaan(2007 series)
  • Themes:challenges of a parent couple who is unable to meet teenage children's desires and demands
  • Actors:Samragyi Nema;Diwakar Pundir
• Swaran Ghar(2022 series)
  • Themes:Parents face struggle to provide the best things for their children) dealt with emotional challenges and experiences of a parent.
  • Actors:Sangita Ghosh, Ronit Roy
• Sasneham (2021series)
  • Themes:(The story of mothers and fathers in old age home.)
  • Actors: Rekha Ratheesh and K. P. A. C. Saji i

Kesari Nandan and Palampur Express are one of the Indian TV serials that dealt with the challenges of a sports player.

Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni is about the ambitions and passions of Musical singer Sudha Malik and her personal love raj and how she balanced her conflict of her personal and musical professional life.

Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai which is Musical drama television series played by the Jannat Zubair Rahmani, Amrita Rao Mehnaaz Maan and Aditi Vasudev along with Deepti Naval and Zarina Wahab played the lead roles. The story continues with three generations of two sisters whose lives revolve around music which results in misunderstanding and stiff competition

Tu Aashiqui a theme about musical-romance television show with combination and chemistry between Singer Paaki & Musician Ahaan

Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii, Sanjivani, Sanjivani 2 are one of the Indian medical drama television series that dealt with their social, professional-dedication & emotional life

Everest revolves around the mountaineer Anjali Singh Rawat who successfully climbs Mount Everest, created by Ashutosh Gowariker and produced by Ashutosh Gowariker Productions Private Limited (AGPPL). A. R. Rahman composed the music for this television show.

• Kokila Enge Pogiraal which was a Tamil-language soap opera that aired on Sun TV from 1999 to 2000 and produced under the banner by Sivaji Productions revolves around the life of Kokila played by Actor Easwari Rao who works in office as employee where she develops rivalry through evil colleague who is a rich business man & client (played by Uppi Dada M.B.B.S.circuit fame Actor Chi. Guru Dutt) in her office and she gets framed for wrong reasons in fake case but actually was done by same colleague with the influence of a politician and help of a lawyer as they want to escape the case.
• Karam Apnaa Apnaa season2 which had portrayed toxic work place cultures for few episodes as Gauri (Pallavi Subhash) as single mother who works in her deceased husband's Takeover partnership Firm which was acquired by distant brother in law Moksh(Arbaaz Ali Khan)
• The season 3 of Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi 3 where Sanjana played by Actor Sana Amin Sheikh as Negative lead where she works in Dev's communication business company as a Self-proclaimed fake interior decorator & Plagiarist designer.
• Deivamagal serial had Actor Rekha Krishnappa played the role of Gayathri anniyar as Autocratic authoritarian Hotel supervisor possessing Superiority complex attitude

one of the best series related to workplace humor

• Rishta.com series: A show about Partners who run matrimonial agency
• office series :A show about friendships of four employees in their company.
• Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan :A show about 4 people who work in Advertising Agency

Kolangal mainly revolves around the rivalry between Abinaya who is selfless person and Aditya is her Business rival and half brother.

• Aati Rahengi Baharein which revolves around the happy life of Dr. Amar Sanghani where his life takes an unfortunate turn when he finds out that he is suffering from a deadly disease which is incurable and has short span of life and how he deals the trauma .
• Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane, show also focused on the life of Cancer Patient Started on 23 March 2015 and ended on 28 August 2015

• Home TV channel aired Foreign East Asiadramas in Hindi from 1996 to 1999 after 1999 the channel was closed.
• In 2010 YouTube and Dailymotion online video sharing platform maintained a wide popularity where users connected to internet started to watch different video T.v contents with another languages/languages translated/translation subtitles/shared languages with common words and different literary.
• In 2014 Zindagi had syndicated diverse shows from various countries including Brazil, Pakistan, South Korea, Turkey and Ukraine and dubbed in Hindi.That was the turning point where viewers made different choices to watch tele serials from various countries.
• From 2015, the Hindi television industry has been striving to create new contents due to OTT platform saturation and other foreign TV dramas & Asian dramas.

• From 2017 (K dramas) Korean dramas are popular now till 2024

• Indian serials has the challenge during AI phase which has superseded, techs of Digital morphs, Deepfake, Animation and encompass all digital methods and techs in advance, AI illusory videos, AI Influencer/Virtual influencer which is the high risk and challenge to human power(manpower) related to entertainement services
• AI techs has the ability and power to create fiction impressive illusory content videos in theme of cinematic platform effect, and the content seems real which captures in audience memory. Pull tactics is used
  • "Pull strategy":This type of methods was used Digital era in 1993 cinematic platform Digital games Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flamewith powerful narration of short telling story with tempting animations Pictures and hook viewers to start the game and this strategy which continues level by level till end of the game.
• Currently AI manipulates voices which is challenge to voice performers.
• To balance this risk of powerful tech AI, more Ai and Animation web series and potential content television animated series needs to be made
  • e.g.: Animated feature films Kochadaiiyaan (2014)(photorealistic motion capture technology),Mahabharat (2013 film) (2013)
  • e.g.: Animated television series Baahubali: Crown of Blood (2024)from Baahubali (franchise) launched at Disney+ Hotstar.

• 2008:Waaris serial ended on 4 December 2008 due to the Indian Television Strike that occurred for 3 weeks long.
• 2008 :Ardhangini – Ek Khoobsurat Jeevan Saathi a serial that aired on Zee TV from 29 October 2007 to 20 March 2008 based on traditional Bengali family which was different story and did well but there was misinformation fake news and assumed opinion that it was remake version of Blockbuster Devdas (2002 Hindi film) film and negative review was made on the serial . That misconception affected the serial and soon ended on 20 March 2008.^[28]
• 2020:Patiala Babes, Azhagu, Run, Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein, Beyhadh 2 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Shaadi Mubarak a good heart warming show suffered due Covid phase.^[29]

• During COVID-19 pandemic phase all main Prime channels re aired old serials.

Majority Indian TV serials take themes and inspirations but they show their own skill of their imaginations, artistry photography and creativity For e.g.

• Thirumathi Selvam 2007 Tamil television soap opera aired weekday afternoons on Sun TV which had a powerful story as main character Selvam, Archana's husband loving husband of Archana when he is in middle-class family though having so many problems/strife in family and stand by her;and care for his best friend Nandhini after Selvam becomes popular luxury how his arrogance manipulates the equations and bond of the family and puts him in the pathetic situation and gets separated from his wife archana forever and extra marital affair of a friend nandini leading to feud and death and crime as result selvam turns nothing
  • The same serial was inspired and remade as Pavitra Rishta under Balaji Telefilms, which aired on Zee TV which was focused on first part of story Love and understanding bond as Manav and Archana who stand by each other's in arranged marriage and shows their power of love till death

• Saath Nibhaana Saathiya
• Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai
• Yeh Hai Mohabbatein
• Ajeeb Daastaan Hai Ye
• Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar
• Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki
• Kumkum Bhagya
• Woh Apna Sa
• Balika Vadhu
• Pavitra Rishta
• Sasural Simar Ka
• Bade Achhe Lagte Hain
• Bepannah
• Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi
• Diya Aur Baati Hum
• Saraswati chandra
• Hitler Didi
• Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke
• Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye Sawaal
• Sabki Laadli Bebo

• Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha
• Khwabon Ke Darmiyan
• Badalte Rishton Ki Dastaan
• Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon
• Kya Huaa Tera Vaada
• Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai
• Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan
• Bade Bhaiyya Ki Dulhania
• Nisha Aur Uske Cousins
• Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara
• Sapnon Se Bhare Naina

• Pandian Storesand its adaptationGupta Brothers
• Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti
• Aap Ke Aa Jane Se
• Shaadi Mubarak
• Naamkarann
• Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji
• Pandavar Illamremake:Aa Okkati Adakku
• Magarasi
• Roja (2018 TV series)
• Abhiyum Naanum (TV series)
• Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara
• Haasil (Indian TV series)
• Tere Bin (2016 TV series)

One of the most lovable shows one of the romantic shows during its time and received positive response from the audience

• Na Umra Ki Seema Ho
• Ishk Par Zor Nahi
• Katha Ankahee
• Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara
• Woh Toh Hai Albelaa
• Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke
• Shaadi Mubarak
• Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti
• Tera Mera Saath Rahe
• Hamari Wali Good News
• Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum
• Gouri Shankaram
• Kaathodu Kaathoram
• Koodevide
• Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi season3
• Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2
• Chellamma
• Yeh Hai Chahatein
• Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki
• Ranju Ki Betiyaan
• Kayal (TV series)
• Hum Rahein Na Rahein Hum
• Bhagya Lakshmi
• Kundali Bhagya
• Kaise Mujhe Tum Mil Gaye
• Ishq Jabariya

• Anupamaa
• Kundali Bhagya
• Kumkum Bhagya
• Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin
• Barrister Babu
• Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai
• Naagin-5
• Choti Sarrdaarni
• Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah
• Imlie

• From 90s days Tara (TV series) had strong female lead, Then in 2002-2010 few soaps had the content of strong female lead like Thodi Si Zameen Thoda Sa Aasmaan,Karishma – The Miracles Of Destiny,Sujata but since teens tele-soaps and youth related soaps were high so these shows ran for short period of time.
• Laut Aao Trisha(2014) tele soap was about mother's plight searching the lost daughter, which portrayed the mother's emotions dealing the stress of searching missed teenage daughter, who goes missing after a beach party with friends, and how her mother struggles to get her back.where the mother role were essayed by Bhagyashree Patwardhan as Amrita Prateek Swaika
• Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai(2016) had emotional and strong female leads which showed three generations of two sisters whose lives revolve around musical career that lead to rivalry and sibling enmity.
• In mid 2015 even these women centric soaps ran for short time or sometimes tracks had to be changed based on Views.

But after 2020 viewers started to prefer women centric soaps and accepted age based roles too

• 1.Sreemoyee and its adaptations
  • a. Anupamaa/Intinti Gruhalakshmi/Kudumbavilakku/Baakiyalakshmi
• 2.Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet
• 3.Tu Chal Pudha
  • a.*Bas Itna Sa Khwaab
• 4.Sevvanthi
• 5.Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii
• 6.Ethirneechal
• 7.Maddam Sir
• 8. Corporate Sarpanch
• 9.Sundari (Tamil TV series) and its remake Sundari (Marathi TV series)
  • a.Sundari (Malayalam TV series)
• 10. Appnapan – Badalte Rishton Ka Bandhan
• 11.Dheere Dheere Se
• 12. Main Hoon Aparajita
• 13.Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal
• 14.Mounaragam, Bhavana are one of the different kind of shows based on Women protagonist centric.
• 15.Ekk Nayi Pehchaan a Women protagonist centric show which was dubbed in regional languages and was remade in Telugu Version as Maa Atta Bangaram.
• 16.Vanshaj

• 2013 Tele series Ponnunjal from the episode 102 dated 10/01/14 had a scene in 2014 film Velaiilla Pattadhari where S. Raghuvaran (Dhanush) watches TV serial with Shalini's mother (Meera Krishnan) saying he does not prefer mother in law in that serial.
• In 2002 film Humraaz film the antagonist Karan Malhotra (Akshaye Khanna) watches Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi title song in order to irritate Raj Singhania (Bobby Deol) & tells in sarcastic way that his tape recorded about the Raj's planned murder will get exposed in fact it will be great hit than Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi..
• 2008 film C Kkompany features many tele actors as cameo appearances and Balaji Telefilms Ekta Kapoor featured in special appearance and had humour conversation with Dattubhai (Mithun Chakraborty).
• 2008 film Saroja (2008 film) Ajay (Shiva) one of the leads played as television actor with Deepa Venkat as cameo role from starting of the film made the audience curious and wondering why this film looks like serial which was actually a shot in the film.

Serial no	Films	Themes	Tele-serials;Inspiration and ref notes
1	Biwi No.1	This film had new idea of emotions mixed with comedy, charisma and the ability to rouse an audience	Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti.[30]
2	Jab We Met	One of the finest Romantic love stories with most interesting and enjoyable manner	Many serials were inspired by the bubbly role Geet, Love U Zindagi - Geet Ke Funde is an Indian television series which premiered on 29 January 2011 on STAR Plus is loosely based on the Shahid Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor starrer Jab We Met
3	Vivah		Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai inspired from the Bollywood film Vivah of Rajshri Productions.,[31] later remake as Pirivom Santhippom
4	Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi, Seeta Aur Geeta	*This film is about twins and their different personalities and how Identical Twins Switch Places	Many serials were made related to twins switched or swapped.
5	Chori Chori Chupke Chupke		Dil Se Dil Tak loosely based on the 2001 Bollywood film Chori Chori Chupke Chupke.[32][33]

• Naamkarann was inspired by the 1998 Bollywood film Zakhm, it was based on the life of filmmaker Mahesh Bhatt
• Another adaptation was Seeta Aur Geeta, was based on the popular Bollywood film of the same name (1972), written by Salim–Javed.^{[34][35][36][37][38]}
• Bhaskar Bharti is an Indian fantasy comedy-drama television series loosely inspired by from the Hindi film Mr Ya Miss
• There was speculation the negative role essayed as Maya dangerously obsessive lover from original first season of Beyhadh loosely based on that of role of Isha Diwan played by Actor Kajol in Gupt: The Hidden Truth.^[39]
• Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani is a supernatural television series produced Balaji Telefilmsby Ekta Kapoor inspired by Twilight
• Do Hanson Ka Jodaa was inspired from the film Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi.^[40]

• 2000:Re-aired old 80's and 90's old popular telefilms of DD National and well known telefilm like Bangle Box were re-aired again during regular weekend {Sunday} in 2000.
• 2002:For first time Hindi Film was shown in episodic format In 2002, StarPlus aired a period drama miniseries titled Asoka, based on the 2001 film of the same name. The series had a limited run of five episodes
• 2020:Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain,Baarish (web series),Karrle Tu Bhi Mohabbat web series as substitute to shows which was affected from broadcast during COVID-19 pandemic^[41]
• 2024:Sony TV re aired SonyLIV OTT web series legal drama Raisinghani vs Raisinghani.^[42]

• Past Soap-esque play/Theatre plays which brings different content and restricted to few audiences has to be introduced in OTT and TV For example, well known plays that hit the entertainment sections in newspapers
  • Jaise Kitabon Mein Mile^[43] Main lead:Darshan Dave,Payal Nair
  • Dil Abhi Bhara Nahin^[44]Main lead:Neha Mehta.

In Web platform esp in South language mainly Tamil web content makers create tele-based web series or make parody (slight humour) manner which creates million of views

• Webseries
  • Kodumakkari chitthi by Tamil Village Stories web channel
  • Karma serial season1 and season 2 by Bombay Chanakya's FastFlix later reaired in Sankara TV
  • Serial VS Reality Webisode by Araathi web channel enacted by Big boss fame Actor-YouTuber Poornima Ravi.
  • Ramany vs Ramany tele serial from 90s had huge view in digital platform in Mid 2015.season 3 were streamed at Network aha 2022

Few set of viewers prefer short period of time so they view dramatization type of short films or short films which has a Social or Sentimental emotional theme or mixed content or potentially mature content.

• Varthai Thavari Vittai by LightNSound Studios Tamil performed by Divya Ganesh:A break up story of Guy who puts his vent out & advises his betrayed ex-girl friend to stay loyal to his husband.
• Kaadhal Pagadai(காதல் பகடை)by Senthamizh Cinemas:The story of an own friend who plays double games and her insincere friendship of stealing the fiancé-lover of friend which results in heartbreak of her close friend but after her bad action her guilty conscience pricks her.
• Vasanthi short film by VTM Movie Makers performed by Suganthi:A story that a husband undergoes mental trauma when someone says malicious things about his wife and in which he clarifies himself that he should not be diverted by gossip or doubt.
• Angelina short film by Galatta Originals performed by Dushara and Srithika.:An orphan turns into Model and struggles of her modelling journey where she finds inspiration from her role model.
• Thuppukettavan short film by Thiru TV (Thiru pictures(p)Ltd) Nadhaswaram show fame Actors Thirumurugan and Srithika:Difficulties of middle-class family and the story deals a person from poor family who gets rebuked sharply by his wife for unable to deal the things smartly

• After the YouTube's starting popularity in the mid 2006 and early 2010s, dramatized short films were made as teamwork and uploaded as individuals which were Non commercial with significant growth in user numbers and views which were emotional, humour and sentimental

TV dramas have had a Significant impact on Indian society, influencing issues related to national integration, identity, globalization,^[45] women, ethics, and social issues in rural areas.[18] The first Indian television drama series, Hum Log, originally began as a family planning program but quickly shifted its focus to entertainment. Despite this, it continued to incorporate pro-development messages, serving as a model for utilizing television serials as an "edutainment" method—a practice that has been adopted by countries around the world.^[46]

A 2007 study examining the introduction of cable television in rural India revealed that it led to "significant decreases in the reported acceptability of domestic violence towards women and son preference, as well as increases in women's autonomy and decreases in fertility." The study also provided "suggestive evidence that exposure to cable television increases school enrollment for younger children, possibly through the increased participation of women in household decision-making."^[47][48]

• People get so hooked on TV shows get into the fiction story or depth of negative or positive character in which sometimes results in negative opinions or criticism or sympathy
• More fan made pictures of particular loved performer are created by the die hard fan makers
• Fantasy thinking of fan fictions stories are produced with their own thinking in their own platform
• During 1998-2007 DD NationalTV serials after completion of each episode asks certain questions to assess the viewer response and lots of speculation ideas get collected by the channel for each serial,few private channels offer SMS code as offer to update the serial's next episode.

• Few viewers stress their opinion to modify or reconstruct tele serial in different way.
• Few viewers critics has disappointment and criticism over the content of serials.

After 2000's Indian television serials are based on Target rating point as an indicator and benchmark that signifies a TV programme's success & measures people's interests/viewership .^[49] Story line changes based on TRP and sometimes most of the serials have to wrap up soon with quick end due to decrease in the level of TRP's.^[50]

TRPs are calculated using the denominator as the Total Number of People in the Target Audience, and the numerator as the Number of People Who Watched the Program in the Target Audience multiplied by 100.TRP's can also be calculated

• TRP = (Number of viewers in the sample audience / Total target audience) * 100.^{[citation needed]}

• More Theories and journals are published based on Indian serials and its impact in people
  • Pearson correlation coefficient & Simple linear regression find viewer ratings and social interactions of the television audience

Indian soap operas gained immense popularity in Afghanistan during the 2000s, building on the pre-existing popularity of Bollywood cinema in the region. In 2006, a Reuters article highlighted the airing of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, dubbed into Dari, captivating a broad audience.^[51]

Men, women, young, and old—anyone with access to television—became enthralled by the family drama.

According to reports, during the war in Afghanistan, armed militants may have even paused their fighting to watch Indian dramas.^[52]

However, the strong popularity of Indian dramas faced opposition from conservative hardliners who viewed them as a threat to the country's religious and national values. In response to conservative pressure, the government of Hamid Karzai ordered broadcasters to cease airing Indian dramas in April 2008. Broadcasters, however, refused to comply, arguing that the order violated the country's media law.^[53]

Afghanistan's first homemade television drama serial, Palwasha, produced by Aina Afghan Media, began airing on November 25, 2007. Though shot in Kabul and in Dari, the series was directed by an Indian director, with several key contributors hailing from India. Additionally, the main character was portrayed by Indian actress Sonal Udeshi.^{[54][55][56][57]}

Caminho das Índias India: A Love Story,^[58] a popular Brazilian soap opera, was themed around Indian culture and became widely popular in Brazil.^[59]

Khwaish, which aired on Sony Entertainment Television and ARY Digital, became a hit show in Dubai in 2007. In 2016, due to high audience interest, A-Plus TV dubbed the popular romantic Hindi Colors TV serial Jeevan Sathi - Humsafar Zindagi Ke into Urdu, further increasing its appeal.

Indian TV dramas such as Uttaran and Balika Vadhu performed well in Indonesia, where they were dubbed in Indonesian and aired multiple times until their conclusions. Saath Nibhaana Saathiya was also popular and was dubbed under the title Gopi (after the main character). It aired from 15 September 2016 to 19 April 2017 and was rebroadcast from 2021 to 2022, with the Indonesian version reaching 600 episodes. Other serials like Yeh Hai Mohabbatein, Ishq Mein Marjawan, Kumkum Bhagya (in Indonesian under the title Lonceng Cinta), Anupamaa, Imlie, Naagin, and Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka also achieved good TRP ratings in Indonesia. Additionally, Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke, Jabb Love Hua, Kumkum Bhagya and Punar vivah were aired in Zee Hiburan, its 24/7 General Entertainment Channel in Indonesia, following the success of their original Hindi channel Zee TV.^[60] Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali was dubbed in their Indonesian language and telecasted on ANTV.^[61]

Rab Se Sohna Isshq from Zee TV a love triangle story aired in London.^[62] This was the first ever cross continental show in Indian television.The show was dubbed into English as Eternal Love and broadcast on Zee World & its sister channel Zee TV UK.^[63]

Vaidehi – Ek Aur Agni Pareeksha gained significant popularity in Ivory Coast and Senegal. In 2010, due to high demand, the serial was dubbed into Arabic for broader viewership.

In the mid-2000s, Indian dramas such as Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii and Kasautii Zindagi Kay gained massive popularity in Nepal, attracting large audiences.^[64] This surge in popularity led to the production of more Nepali serials, such as Sindur, Maiti, and Ghat Pratighat, which were created to cater to the growing viewership.^[65]

Indian dramas have been widely popular in Pakistan, with Indian shows like Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi becoming number 1 against Pakistani Serials. Indians shows were extensively watched due to the mutual intelligibility between Urdu and Hindi.^[66][67] However, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has banned the broadcasting of Indian films and TV shows.^[68] Despite this, the BBC reported that many cable television operators in Pakistan continue to violate the ban, airing Indian television serials due to their high demand. Indian TV shows make up nearly 60% of all foreign programs broadcast in Pakistan.^[69]

In June 2006, Pakistani comedian Rauf Lala won the Indian comedy show The Great Indian Laughter Challenge, but Pakistanis could not follow the show as it was not allowed to air in Pakistan.^[70] An official remarked that "Bollywood and Indian TV drama have invaded our homes".^[71]

Indian TV dramas have become so popular in Pakistan that mainstream newspapers, such as the Pakistan Tribune, often feature articles about the shows.^[72] Many viewers have resorted to satellite connections to enjoy uninterrupted coverage of Indian programs.^[73]

Despite the historical anti-Indian sentiment in Pakistan and the fact that the two countries have fought four wars over a span of about 50 years, Indian TV shows and Bollywood have led to a shift in perception, with many ordinary Pakistanis viewing India and Indians more favorably. Indian tourists visiting Pakistan have noted that people tend to be particularly friendly when they discover that the visitor is from India.^[74]

On October 27, 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan reinstated the ban on Indian content on local channels. Channels such as Filmazia and Urdu1 subsequently shut down Indian content for a period.^[75][76]

The Indian serial Dishayen was dubbed in Russian and gained popularity in Russia in 2005.

The Hindi serials Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi and Kasautii Zindagii Kay were dubbed in Sinhala and received a great response in Sri Lanka. Another popular show, Kindurangana, which was a remake of the Hindi serial Kasamh Se, also garnered a positive reception from Sri Lankan audiences.'Shanti'serial which was popular during 90's was dubbed in Sinhalese and aired in Sri Lanka .^[77]

Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon was dubbed in the Turkish language.^[78]

Tu Tevha Tashi the Marathi daily soap dubbed into English as 'Never Too Late for Love' for African viewers & aired on Zee Africa.^[79]

The series The Iron Handed Phantom – Mayavi was dubbed in Mandarin and Korean,^[80][81] and also aired in Europe and Australia.^[82] Additionally, several popular Colors TV dramas, such as Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon, Balika Vadhu, Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat, Chandrakanta, Udaan, Naagin, Shakti, Ishq Mein Marjawan and Bepannah, were dubbed in Thai to cater to viewers in Thailand and other key South Asian markets.^[83]

• Tamil television drama
• List of longest-running Indian television series