Help:IPA/Manx Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Manx on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Manx in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Manx language pronunciations[1] in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See also Manx phonology and Manx spelling to sound correspondences for more details about pronunciation of Manx.
Consonants
[edit]Manx makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the [j] sound in yes /jɛs/. In Manx orthography, slender consonants are often but not always by ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩.
The broad consonants are /p, b, m, f, v, t, d, t̠, d̠, n, (n̠), s, l, l̠, r, k, ɡ, x, ɣ, h/ and slender consonants are /tʃ, dʒ, tʲ, dʲ, nʲ, ʃ, j, lʲ, rʲ, kʲ, ɡʲ, ç/.
| IPA | Example | English approximation |
|---|---|---|
| p | peccah, tappee, kiap | pig, wrap |
| b | beeal, cabbyl, cab | bake, tub |
| m | mie, famman, cam | man, bomb |
| f | fockle, phadeyr, offishear | fox, if |
| v | va, shirveish | vat, love |
| w | wappin, bwee, queeyl, | win, woman |
| t | ta, thie, puttey, att | North Welsh tŷ, English tie (but dental), Irish-English thing |
| d | doal, dhiane, kiaddey, laad | North Welsh adar, English adder (but dental), Irish-English though |
| t̠ | tendeil | town (alveolar) |
| d̠ | dellal | do (alveolar) |
| n | noo, bannaght, bane | nose, night |
| tʲ | ruggit, aitt, pooiyt | Tuesday, atune |
| dʲ | cooid, craid | dune, midia |
| nʲ | niart, nhee, bainney, thallooin | new, annual |
| ʧ | cheet, atchim, buitch | cheese, church |
| ʤ | jee, bodjal, caage | judge, badger |
| s | soo, assee, baase | soon, pass |
| ʃ | shee, ashoon, baaish | sheet, fish |
| l | loo, lhag, ollan, shooyl | look, ball (but dark) |
| l̠ | vel, troggal | English lean, South Welsh fel |
| lʲ | leshtal, lhiam, balley, fuill | lute, million |
| r | raa, rheynn, arran, oor | red, borrow (a tap or an approximant) |
| rʲ | rhym, erriu, ooir, airh | very (combined with a y sound) |
| j | yeearree, eeast, yiall, ghiall, ghennal | yellow |
| k | cair, keayn, queeyl, peccah, eeck | cart, sick |
| ɡ | goo, aggair, aeg | good, bag |
| kʲ | kione, kesh, ceau, crackan, creck | cube, accuse |
| gʲ | gien, gennal, guilley, aggindagh | argue |
| ŋ | er n'ghoaill, lhongey, lhong | sing, bang |
| ŋʲ | er n'ghialdyn, chingys, king | angular or sing (followed by y) |
| ç | chiangle, y cheeagh, hiauill | hue (pronounced strongly) or German ich |
| x | choodee, hrog, moghey, agh | Scots loch, German Bach or Spanish ojo |
| ɣ | gheid, my ghoo | Spanish amigo, Greek εγώ or Scots loch (but voiced) |
| h | halley, my haagh, cha | hand |
Vowels
[edit]The Manx vowel system has six short vowels /i e ə a u o/ which contrast in length with seven long vowels /iː eː ɛː əː aː uː oː/. Historical /aː/ sometimes raises to /ɛː/ which contrasts with /eː/, yielding another long vowel. Although the primary distinctive feature is vowel length, the short vowels may also differ in place of articulation.
| Short vowels | Long vowels | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Example | English approximation | IPA | Example | English approximation |
| i | king, pryssoon, corree | sit, ship | iː | eeck, keeill, feeyn | clean |
| e | ellan, geinnagh | bed, men | eː | bea, eayst, eai, fainagh, feme, shey | day, mate (but a monophthong) |
| — | ɛː | baa, baaish, fainey | bear, pair (British-English) | ||
| ə | balley, cairys, doccar | sofa or butter (British-English) | əː | keyrrey, eayl, seihll, Jeheiney | bird, fur (British-English) |
| a | bass, arran, bainney, shayll, arrane | hat, | aː | blah, daah | pat, can (but longer); half, father (but more fronted) |
| u | cur, uinnag, ooilley | put, foot | uː | oor, ooil, flooyr, kiune | food, moon |
| o | orrym, moylley, coirrey, onnane | cot, flock | oː | oe, oyr, foill, cloan, kiaull | bowl or ball (British-English) |
Notes and references
[edit]- ^ Lewin, C. Aspects of the historical phonology of Manx (2020). Edinburgh. doi:10.7488/era/557.
- ^ Lewin, C. Sheean as Screeu: A guide to Manx spelling and pronunciation (Forthcoming). St John's: Culture Vannin. Pages 33-34.