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Course of Freedom Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_of_Freedom

Course of Freedom
Πλεύση Ελευθερίας
PresidentZoe Konstantopoulou
FounderZoe Konstantopoulou
Founded19 April 2016; 9 years ago (2016-04-19)
Split fromPopular Unity[1]
IdeologyLeft-wing nationalism[6]
Sovereigntism[7][8]
Anti-austerity[7][11]
Left-wing populism[14]
Progressivism[17]
Hard Euroscepticism[20]
Political positionLeft-wing[26] to far-left[34]
European Parliament groupNon-Inscrits
Colours  Purple
  Turquoise
Slogan"We look neither right nor left. We look forward."[35]
"We will change the world with Love"[36]
Parliament
6 / 300
European Parliament
1 / 21
Website
plefsieleftherias.gr

Course of Freedom (Greek: Πλεύση Ελευθερίας, romanized: Plefsi Eleftherias) is a Greek anti-establishment[7][37][38][8] political party founded in 2016 by the former President of the Hellenic Parliament, Zoe Konstantopoulou.[39]

History

[edit]

On 19 April 2016, Zoe Konstantopoulou announced the founding of Course of Freedom. According to its founding declaration, the party's purpose of action consists of democracy, justice, transparency, rights, debt cancellation and claim for World War II reparations.[40]

Konstantopoulou, along with the party, had attended and called for support of the "Macedonia name" anti-Prespa Agreement mass protests of 2018 and 2019, with the slogan "I'm not ceding my homeland", having been the only political figure of the Greek left to openly do so.[41][42][8][5]

The party cooperates electorally with the I Don't Pay Movement, whose leaders were included in Course of Freedom's ballot to run in the European and Greek national elections of 2019.[43][44]

Course of Freedom was able to enter the Hellenic Parliament at the June 2023 legislative election, scoring 3.17% and electing 8 members of Parliament.[45]

The party condemned attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war after party president Konstantopoulou met with the Palestinian envoy,[46] expressing her support for the Palestinian people; she vowed that Course of Freedom will "be the voice" of Palestine in Greece[47]

In the 2024 European election the party was able to elect one MEP, Maria Zacharia, who is a trade unionist and labourist.[48]

Ideology

[edit]

Course of Freedom was established on an anti-memoranda ideology,[39] based on its founder's Zoe Konstantopoulou's hardliner[49] opposition to austerity, neoliberalism, "tax inequality", Greece's creditors, and the Troika,[10][50][51][52][53] and has been seen as "left-wing populist".[8][12] Mattia Zulianello, the professor of political science at the University of Trieste, also classified the party as left-wing populist.[13] The party has been described by political commentators as left-wing,[21][22][23][24][25] "nominally left",[54][55][56] or far-left,[57][58][59][60][61] although Konstantopoulou describes it as anti-establishment and "neither left nor right" instead.[38] The party's political position has also been considered to be "catch-all",[56] accruing support from both left-wing and right-wing voters, including a component from the far-right,[8][62] owing to its generalized anti-establishment positions.[8][62] Course of Freedom is considered to be a sovereignist party[8] and appeals to nationalist sentiments,[54][10][7] and has been labelled as "nationalist left"[4][3][63][64] or left-wing nationalist.[2][65][66]

Course of Freedom's political position has also been evaluated as solely anti-establishment[37][7][67][68][63][69][70][30] or simply populist "anti-systemic",[71][10][48] considered difficult to be firmly placed on the political spectrum[7] or transcending it due to its anti-corruption message.[72] It is considered to be a radical formation,[73][74] espousing a virulent rejection of all politicians while still embracing legalism and institutionalism.[8]

Konstantopoulou has criticized privatizations, taxation increases, "media oligarchs", and auctioning off and bank seizures of homes of overindebted families and electronic auctions.[15] The party has also come in support of refugees, the LGBT community, opponents to COVID-19 vaccination, and of victims of sexism and sexual violence.[8][7]

Course of Freedom is a hard Eurosceptic party, with Konstantopoulou calling the European Union a "monstrous creation" lacking in democracy that is "not a union to belong to";[18][19] the party's founding declaration denounces "Eurobureaucracy" as totalitarianism.[75] The party also believes the Euro is "against the people", with Konstantopoulou calling it a "tool of enslavement and oppression".[76][77][78]

Konstantopoulou and the party have also launched a "Don't Pay" movement and a campaign of "general disobedience" towards debts, taxes and insurance contributions since 2017.[79]

Positions

[edit]

The party's positions include the cancellation of the country's national debt (that Zoe Konstantopoulou has previously during her time in government affirmed as "illegal, illegitimate, odious",[80] "unsustainable"[81] and "unconstitutional"[82] based on the report of the Hellenic Parliament's Greek Debt Truth Commission[83]), opposition to the Prespa naming agreement on North Macedonia's name and calling for a referendum on it,[84] claiming German war reparations and loans of up to €350 billion,[18] additional compensation for Nazi atrocities,[38] expanding Greece's territorial waters to 10 km, and opposition to mandatory vaccination.[85]

The party's program includes confiscation of property of bankers and politicians who will be deemed responsible for the country's inclusion in the Memoranda, and also shutting down all media accused of "propaganda and entanglement" and doing away with the riot control known as MAT, replacing the last two with citizen collaboration/participation alternatives.[86][87]

Course of Freedom openly impugnes the Euro and the Eurozone, and is in favour of monetary sovereignty, with Konstantopoulou stating a clear "no" to the Euro; Course of Freedom wants currency to function as a "tool of freedom" irrespective of whether its form will be electronic, digital or drachma. It is also in favour of alternative currencies and alternative means of payment and transactions. [76][77][78]

Its founding declaration supports positions of popular democracy and participatory democracy, and includes proposals like the institutionalization of mandatory referendums, citizen participation in the justice system, renationalization of all public enterprises and public assets, the dissolution of the HRADF S.A, and an accountancy audit of Greek debt, insurance funds and state-owned institutions.[75]

Konstantopoulou proposed the abolition of all funds in Greece, believing their nature to be predatory and lacking in constitutional legitimacy.[88]

Course of Freedom has supported and voted in favour of legalising same-sex marriage.[89] It has also supported criminalizing femicide as a separate crime with special characteristics, and has proposed the creation of an official body to record femicides.[90][91][7]

The party is pro-Palestinian[7] and supports Palestinian statehood, wanting the Greek government to start internationally recognizing Palestine.[92]

Composition

[edit]

Participating partners

[edit]

Τhe following members are nationally affiliated by running in elections using Course of Freedom's ballot:[43][44]

Party Ideology[93] Position
I Don't Pay Movement (party)
Κίνημα Δεν Πληρώνω (κόμμα) 		Activism
Anti-austerity
Civil Disobedience
Anti-neoliberalism
Euroscepticism
Grassroots democracy 		Far-left

Election results

[edit]

Hellenic Parliament

[edit]
Election Hellenic Parliament Rank Government Leader
Votes % ±pp Seats won +/−
2019 82,673 1.5% New
0 / 300
 New 8th Extra-parliamentary Zoe Konstantopoulou
May 2023 170,298 2.9% +1.4
0 / 300
 Steady 0 7th Extra-parliamentary
Jun 2023 165,210 3.2% +0.3
8 / 300
 Increase 8 8th Opposition

European Parliament

[edit]
European Parliament
Election Votes % ±pp Seats won +/− Rank Leader EP Group
2019 81,269 1.61% New
0 / 21
 New 8th Zoe Konstantopoulou −
2024 135,310 3.40% +1.79
1 / 21
 Increase 1 7th NI

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lafazanis: We wish you success in the "Freedom Sailing" of Zoi :"Panagiotis Lafazanis commented on the change of course of Zoe Konstantopoulou, who separated her position from LAE by founding the "Pleusi Eleftherias" party." TV without Frontiers 19 April 2016, Retrieved 26 June 2023
  2. ^ a b "Parliamentary elections in Greece: Mitsotakis outclasses the left". Die Tageszeitung (taz.de). 22 May 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  3. ^ a b New Greek Parliament Barron's 26 June 2023, Retrieved 27 June 2023
  4. ^ a b What To Know As Greece Votes Again In Legislative Polls Neos Kosmos 17 June 2023, Retrieved 27 June 2023
  5. ^ a b The Macedonia Question "...they also touched a chord on sectors of a "patriotic left"...the rally was also supported by Zoe Konstantopoulou, the former president of the Greek parliament and founder of the "Course of Freedom" movement", Jacobin.com by Stathis Kouvelakis March 2018, Retrieved 24 June 2019
  6. ^ [2][3][4][5]
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vasilopoulou, Sofia (2024) (29 October 2024). ""Economic Malaise and Political Discontent: An Analysis of the 2024 European Parliament Election in Greece."". In: 2024 EP Elections Under the Shadow of Rising Populism. (Eds). Gilles Ivaldi and Emilia Zankina. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS. October 22, 2024.). Retrieved 6 April 2025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Syriza's Electoral Quagmire Reflects Its Crushing of Greeks' Hopes, Jacobin.com 6 September 2023, Retrieved 16 May 2023
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  10. ^ a b c d Greece Just Elected the Most Right-Wing Parliament Since the Return to Democracy "Course for Freedom" Jacobin 28 June 2023, Retrieved 29 June 2023
  11. ^ [9][10]
  12. ^ a b "New Greek PM vows to press ahead with ambitious reforms". The Guardian. 25 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  13. ^ a b c ZULIANELLO, MATTIA (2023). "Populist parties in Central and Eastern Europe: Regional trends in comparative perspective". Poliarchie/Polyarchies (Special Issue 2023). Trieste: EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste: 63. doi:10.13137/2611-2914/35183. ISSN 2611-2914. Among them, the top performer was Greece (28.4%) thanks to the combined result of three left-wing populist parties (see Tsatsanis et al. 2021): SYRIZA (23.8%), the European Realistic Disobedience Front (3.0%) and Course of Freedom (1.6%).
  14. ^ [8][12][13]
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  21. ^ a b Uğur Ekinci, Mehmet; Yusufoğlu, Yusuf (31 July 2023). "Why the Left Fell and the Right Rose in Greece". Politics Today. There is fierce competition among left-wing parties to fill the vacuum left by SYRIZA's decline. The Course of Freedom (PE) party, led by Zoe Konstantopoulou, a former SYRIZA member, managed to enter the parliament with a program close to the radical views that SYRIZA advocated before it came to power.
  22. ^ a b "Minister Christos Stylianides causes a stir with "Cyprus is half Turkish" comment". Neos Kosmos. 22 February 2024. This comment garnered reactions from Greek and Cypriot politicians and parties, with far-right Ελληνική Λύση (Greek Solution) party MP Kostas Hitas saying he had been "left speechless" and left wing Course of Freedom party leader Zoe Konstantopoulou demanding a retraction.
  23. ^ a b Messinis, Aris (26 June 2023). "Conservatives win Greek elections". Azərbaycan24. Another newcomer in the legislature is the left-wing Course of Freedom party, whose leader Zoe Konstantopoulou briefly served as speaker in 2015.
  24. ^ a b "Postal Vote for Euro-Parliament Elex, Referendums Passed By Ruling Party Majority". To Vima. 24 January 2024. Voting in favor were all 158 MPs of ruling New Democracy (ND) party, while six deputies of the small left-wing "Plefsi Eleftherias" (Course of Freedom) party – founded and headed by former Parliament president Zoe Konstantopoulou – voted "present".
  25. ^ a b Maltezou, Renee (22 June 2023). Frances Kerry (ed.). "Explainer-Greece's election on Sunday: how the system works". SWI swissinfo. Opinion polls suggest that up to seven parties could enter parliament, including the leftist Plefsi Eleftherias, founded by former Syriza lawmaker Zoe Konstantopoulou, and a newly set up far-right party called Spartans.
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  28. ^ "Greek prime minister earns resounding electoral win, as far right makes gains". Edition CNN. CNN. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023. As well as a strong showing for far-right groups, the eight-party parliament will also include a party on the far-left, Course for Freedom, led by a former Syriza official.
  29. ^ e-Kathimerini (27 June 2023). "The true message from the ballot box". Kathimerini. Retrieved 29 June 2023. The entry into Parliament of three far-right parties and the radical leftist Course of Freedom is, without doubt, the most alarming message to emerge from Sunday's general election.
  30. ^ a b "The underground of new parties in the European Parliament". EUnews. 10 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024. It is a different matter for Course for Freedom (PE), a far-left party critical of Israel's response to the Nov. 7 attacks, anti-austerity and against neo-liberalism, which describes itself as "anti-establishment" with respect to the EU policies conducted so far.
  31. ^ Kyriazi, Anna. "Parliamentary elections in Greece, May-June 2023". Elections in Europe: 2023 (4). Electoral Bulletins of the European Union. Apart from the parties already possessing parliamentary representation, a few smaller ones also seemed to have a realistic chance of passing the 3% electoral threshold. Course of Freedom-Πλεύση Ελευθερίας (CoF), a party founded by Zoe Konstantopoulou, a formerly prominent member of SYRIZA, was one of them. The party is generally considered radical left, though on many issues it sits uneasily on the left-right axis and is first and foremost characterized by its profoundly anti-establishment stance and hard Euroscepticism (Kordas 2023).
  32. ^ Verney, Susannah; Field, Bonnie N. (27 August 2024). "The 2023 Elections in Greece and Spain: Evolving Party Systems in Post-Crisis Southern Europe". Journal of Common Market Studies. 62 (1): 217–233. doi:10.1111/jcms.13658. The third new entrant, Course of Freedom (Πλεύση Ελευθερίας), was founded as a radical left party in 2016 by a former SYRIZA parliamentary speaker.
  33. ^ "PM's choice for president elected as ND fights back over Tempe". MacroPolis. 14 February 2025. The survey's measure of voting intentions found considerable support for Course of Freedom, the far left populist party led by Zoe Konstantopoulou, and the nativist far right Voice of Reason led by Afroditi Latinopoulou.
  34. ^ [27][28][29][30][31][32][33]
  35. ^ Z. Konstantopoulou: "The attack on the Freedom Cruise is neither from within nor spontaneous" : "...the other parties are even stealing the slogans of Freedom of Navigation. In particular, "since 2019, we have been saying "we are neither looking to the right nor to the left, we are looking forward...", ERT, Ert-news 12 June 2023, Retrieved 22 June 2023
  36. ^ "Freedom Sail: Zoe Konstantopoulou continues her... heart-warming speech - "We will change the world with love" (Video)". Parapolitika [el]. 21 June 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
  37. ^ a b "Greece". Europe Elects. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  38. ^ a b c Zoe Konstantopoulou: Mr. Tsipras is destroying the country: "Precisely how would Plefsi Eleftherias describe its political identity? Some critics say that you do not belong to the Left [...] We are a force that aims to overturn the establishment, and we are appealing to all democratically active citizens, without the walls of old-party divisions. We look neither to the Left nor the Right" in.gr 21 October 2018, Retrieved 24 June 2019
  39. ^ a b Evgenia Choros (15 April 2016). "Zoe Konstantopoulou to Present New Party 'Course to Freedom'". Greek Reporter. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  40. ^ "Ιδρυτική Διακήρυξη". Freedom Sailing. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  41. ^ Greeks not ready to give up the name Macedonia Kosovo 2.0 9 February 2018, Retrieved 29 June 2023
  42. ^ Konstantopoulou: I am not ceding my homeland, I am not erasing its history in.gr 19 January 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2023
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  44. ^ a b "Konstantopoulou: The vote on Freedom Sailing will only be the beginning". CNN,gr. CNN. 3 July 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  45. ^ Schminke, Tobias Gerhard (5 June 2023). "Greek centre-right set to win second election round". Euractiv.
  46. ^ "Greece working with UN to send aid to Gaza". ekathimerini.com. Kathimerini. 2 November 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  47. ^ "Z. Konstantopoulou: Freedom Sailing will be the voice of Palestine in our country". ERTNews. Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation. 2 November 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  48. ^ a b "Nine new hands and 12 old ones heading to Strasbourg". E-Kathimerini. Kathimerini. 10 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  49. ^ Greek ruling party heads toward split before bailout vote Reuters 13 August 2015, Retrieved 21 June 2023
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  52. ^ "Greece: Can't pay, is paying". Red Pepper. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
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  54. ^ a b Konstantopoulou aims to double her party's vote Kathimerini, e-Kathimerini 28 May 2023, Retrieved 16 May 2023
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  75. ^ a b Ιδρυτική Διακήρυξη Πλεύσης Ελευθερίας The Founding Declaration of Course of Freedom
  76. ^ a b "Openly questioning the Euro and the EU". The Newspaper of the Editors (I Efimerida ton Syntakton). 18 January 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
  77. ^ a b "Zoe Konstantopoulou: They are setting up a new collusion through a conflict in mafia terms". CNN.gr. CNN. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
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  79. ^ "'I don't pay' movement by Zoe Konstantopoulou". Parapolitika [el]. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  80. ^ Greek debt 'illegal, illegitimate and odious' BBC, BBC News 18 June 2015, Retrieved 24 June 2023
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  83. ^ Hellenic Parliament's Debt Truth Committee Preliminary Findings – Executive Summary of the report Hellenic Parliament Press Office 17 June 2015, Retrieved 24 June 2023
  84. ^ Greek parliament votes in support of Macedonia name change : "Zoe Konstantopoulou, former parliamentary speaker for Syriza and now leader of the pseudo-left Course of Freedom (Plevsi Eleftherias), called in the newspaper Ta Nea for a referendum on the deal.", World Socialist Web Site 30 January 2019, Retrieved 30 June 2023
  85. ^ "Surprise performance for two minor parties". eKathimerini. Καθημερινή. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  86. ^ "Konstantopoulou: I will close all the media and confiscate the assets of those who put us in the Memoranda". Proto Thema. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  87. ^ "Konstantopoulou proposed citizen participation in public order bodies". Parapolitika. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  88. ^ "Konstantopoulou called for the funds to be abolished, speaking at the "2nd European Entrepreneurship Conference"". Proto Thema. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
  89. ^ "Parliament: Broad consensus on same-sex marriage bill – Which parties say "yes" and which "no"". SKAI. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  90. ^ "Z. Konstantopoulou: Calls for the criminalization of femicide as a separate crime with special characteristics". Naftemporiki. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
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  93. ^
    • Rovisco, Maria; Veneti, Anastasia; Poulakidakos, Stamatis (2017). Axford, Barrie; Gulmez, Didem Buhari; Gulmez, Seckin Baris (eds.). Rethinking Ideology in the Age of Global Discontent (PDF). p. 16. doi:10.4324/9781315109008. ISBN 978-1-315-10900-8. As it is also clearly stated in their web site, the movement maintains strong positions with regards to a range of issues beyond those discussed above such as: popular sovereignty, a demand of national independence and social justice, rupture with neoliberal policies and the European Institutions that support them, fight against fascism, ceasing of privatisations and a restructuring of the society on socialist foundations. The 'Do not pay movement' members use this narrative mainly to designate their ideological opponents and establish their activist tactics, which aim at disseminating the rationale of civic disobedience, through a grassroots activism, against the unfair legislations and policies that suppress the lower and middle classes of society.
    • Michas, Takis (14 April 2011). "Greece′s Rule of Lawlessness". European Business Review. Then there are the various movements of "civil disobedience" organized by Greece's hard-left groups. These include the "Den plirono" ("I won't pay") phenomenon, which amounts to supposedly brave refuseniks lifting barriers at motorway toll-booths and driving through without paying.
    • Reuben-Shemia, Dalilah (2017). Christoph Scherrer; Alexander Gallas (eds.). "Trade Unions in Greece between Crisis and Revitalization: Rebuilding Workers' Power from Below?". New Research in Global Political Economy (3). Kasseler Online Bibliothek Repository & Archiv. ""Den Plirono" started as a campaign in opposition to privatization of public goods and broadened to a civil disobedience movement, including resistance to pay road charges, increased public transport fees, bailiffs, and against shut-down of electricity for those who cannot afford to pay heightened bills. Moreover they organize neighborhood assemblies and public debates on the source of debt, the Euro-crisis and the necessity to exit the Euro-zone (META, 2013)".
    • Rovisco, Maria; Veneti, Anastasia; Poulakidakos, Stamatis (2017). Axford, Barrie; Gulmez, Didem Buhari; Gulmez, Seckin Baris (eds.). Rethinking Ideology in the Age of Global Discontent (PDF). p. 1. doi:10.4324/9781315109008. ISBN 978-1-315-10900-8. In this chapter we look at the case of the anti-austerity Greek social movement 'Do Not Pay' Movement (To kinima den plirono) in order to examine whether and how the protestors attempt to define their political presence and affirm their collective identity by exercising a new form of politics that goes beyond established ideological divisions between Left and Right.
    • Bortun, Vladimir (March 2019). "Transnational networking and cooperation among neo-reformist left parties in Southern Europe during the Eurozone crisis: SYRIZA, Bloco and Podemos" (PDF). University of Portsmouth. p. 59.
    • Triga, Vasiliki (2011). "Social protest through Facebook in the Greek context: the case of the 'I don't pay' movement". Journal of Critical Studies in Business and Society. 2 (1&2).
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