List of youth subcultures Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_youth_subcultures

This is a list of subcultures.

Ofnik
^{Ken Gelder} pages: 516, 550
Sandra Buckley (2002). Taylor & Francis (ed.). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 380. ISBN 978-0-415-14344-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
Otherkin, see also vampire lifestyle and therianthropy

P[edit]

Pachuco^[30]
Paninaro
Paranormal hunting/ghost hunting
Peckerwood
Pokemón
Prepper
Preppy,^[31] see also valley girl and popular clique
Psychedelia^[32]^[33] and psychonauts^[34]^[35]
Punk subculture^[36]
Poor White, see also hillbilly and redneck
Polyamory

Q[edit]

R[edit]

S[edit]

Scene
Scooterboy^[43]
Scouting^[44]
Skater
Skinhead;^[45] See also: gay skinhead,^[45] redskin, Trojan skinhead, white power skinhead, & suedehead^[46]
Soulboy^[47]
Steampunk^[48]
Stilyaga
Straight edge
Surf
Swingjugend
Swinging^[49]
Sharpies
Stoners

T[edit]

Teenybopper^[50]
Teddy Boy^[51]
Chamberlain, Daniel Luke; Alexander, Malcolm Laurence (2005). "Personal networks and the social world of ordinary Star Trek fans: Method and first results". TASA 2005 Conference Proceedings. The Sociological Association of Australia. Archived from the original on 2011-04-11. Retrieved 2008-09-19. The fans of the science fiction franchise, Star Trek, are known as 'Trekkies' and are the only fan subculture to have an entry in the OED.
^{bell 2001} page 167–169
Robert V. Kozinets (June 2001). "Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption". Journal of Consumer Research. 28 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1086/321948.</ref>
Tamarro (Italian subculture from the 90's)^[52]

U[edit]

Unilalianism
Ufo Uap tracking

V[edit]

W[edit]

Y[edit]

Yé-yé

Z[edit]

Zazou^[55]
Zef^[56]

Notes[edit]

^
BDSM sources:
- Juliet Richters; Richard O. de Visser; Chris E. Rissel; Andrew E. Grulich; Anthony M.A. Smith (July 2008). "Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (7): 1660–1668. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x. PMID 18331257.
- Sandra R. Leiblum (2006). Principles and practice of sex therapy. Guilford Press. pp. 380, 405. ISBN 978-1-59385-349-5.
^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages 295 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine. Chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
^ Joachim Kersten (2003). "Street Youths, Bosozoku, and Yakuza: Subculture Formation and Societal Reactions in Japan". Crime & Delinquency. 39 (3): 277–295. doi:10.1177/0011128793039003002. S2CID 143674993.
^ Theodore Trefon (2004). Reinventing order in the Congo: how people respond to state failure in Kinshasa (illustrated ed.). Zed Books. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-84277-491-5. Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
^ Xue, Katherine (2014). "Synthetic Biology's New Menagerie". Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ Haywire, Rachel (20 March 2012). "Becoming Ourselves". Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^
Sources for Boispedink: Alan M. Klein (1993). Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1559-7. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- KOERT W. (March 28, 1988). "Tales of lies. The bodybuilder's body between reality and fantasy". Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdschrift. 25 (2): 276–294, 324. ISSN 0921-4933. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
- Andrew Yiannakis; Merrill J. Melnick (2001). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 413–425. ISBN 978-0-7360-3710-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^
Sources:
- Gerald W. McFarland (2001). Inside Greenwich Village: A New York City Neighborhood, 1898-1918. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-55849-299-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Mike Brake (1980). The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures: sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll (reprinted ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7100-0364-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^ ^a ^b Isaac Gagné (June 2008). "Urban Princesses: Performance and "Women's Language" in Japan's Gothic/Lolita Subculture". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. Blackwell Publishing. 18 (1): 130–176(21). doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00006.x.
^ ^{bell 2001}, pages 101-102, 154-184
^
Sources:
- Marc Marschark (1997). Psychological Development of Deaf Children (reprint, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-511575-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Jeffery P. Braden (1994). Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ (illustrated ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-306-44686-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^
Sources:
- Lysloff, René T. A.; Gay, Leslie C. (2003). Music and technoculture (illustrated ed.). Wesleyan University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-8195-6514-3.
- "Course Description: The Demoscene: An Introduction to Programming and Subcultures". Columbia College Chicago. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
^
Sources for emo subculture:
- Shirley R. Steinberg; Priya Parmar; Birgit Richard (2006). Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33729-1. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- Lydia Scott; Anna Chur-Hansen (2008-06-02). "The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting". Australasian Psychiatry. 16 (5): 359–62. doi:10.1080/10398560802027328. PMID 18608151. S2CID 31717119.
- Michele Kirsch (2008-07-06). "Emotionally challenged". The Times. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- Chris Hawley (2008-04-18). "Subculture clash among Mexico youth". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- Martin, G. (2006). "Editorial. On suicide and subcultures" (PDF). Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health. 5 (3): 1–5. doi:10.5172/jamh.5.1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
Ianto Ware (2008). "Andrew Keen Vs the Emos: Youth, Publishing, and Transliteracy". M/C Journal. 11 (4). doi:10.5204/mcj.41. Archived from the original on 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
^ Fred Davis; Laura Munoz (2011). "8. Heads and freaks: patterns and meanings of drug use among hippies". In Lee Rainwater (ed.). Deviance and Liberty: Social Problems and Public Policy. Aldine Transaction. pp. 88–95. ISBN 978-1-4128-1503-1. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
^ EF Dickson (24 Feb 2020). "Flat Earth Community Undeterred by Death of 'Mad' Mike Hughes". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 Apr 2022.
^ Stephanie Pappas (5 Feb 2018). "Flat Earth: What Fuels the Internet's Strangest Conspiracy Theory?". Live Science. Retrieved 26 Apr 2022.
^
Sources for glam:
- Jon Stratton (June 2006). "Why Doesn't Anyone Write about Glam Rock". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1). Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
- Gina Marchetti (December 1998). "Fringe cultures". Jump Cut (42). Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
- Peter Childs; Mike Storry (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-415-14726-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^Goodlad, pages: 6 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 19-20 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 34-35 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 66 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 78 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 92 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 259 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ Mary Jane Kehily, Open University (2007). Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities and Practices (illustrated ed.). London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-3064-2.
^ Catherine Spooner; Emma McEvoy (2007). The Routledge Companion to Gothic. London: Routledge. pp. 195–196, 263–264. ISBN 978-0-415-39843-5.
^ ^{Ken Gelder} pages 91 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
^
Sources:
- ^{bell 2001},pages 179-185
- Douglas Thomas (2002). Hacker Culture (illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8166-3346-3.
^ Sources:Jeffrey Arnett (December 1993). "Three profiles of heavy metal fans: A taste for sensation and a subculture of alienation". Qualitative Sociology. 16 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/BF00989973. S2CID 143389132.^Epstein, pages viii, 13, 265
^ "Fashioncore Definitions and Connotations". Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 23 chapter "Introduction to part one, by Ken Gelder
- 91 from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
- 106, 110-111 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber;
- 127 from chapter "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
- 136-137 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
- 304 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
^ ^Goodlad, page 68-71 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ Billy Baker (2007-03-05). "Up for the count, Jugglers may pop out on streets this spring, but the real action is in a thriving Hub subculture". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- muslim
- 84 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 91 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen;
- 94 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 101 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
^ Jon Stratton (1986). "Why doesn't anybody write anything about Glan Rock?". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1): 15–38. Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2014-05-03.
^
Sources for nudism:Karl Eric Toepfer (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-520-20663-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Edwin B. Steen; James H. Price (1988). Human Sex and Sexuality: Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25544-6. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30. Pages: 179 Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine 194-196
^
Pachuco sources:
- Eva Paulino Bueno; Terry Caesar (1998). Imagination beyond nation: Latin American popular culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7, 14, 227–229, 230–232, 243. ISBN 978-0-8229-5686-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Margaret M. Lock; Judith Farquhar (2007). Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life. Durham: Duke Univ. Press. pp. 349, 355. ISBN 978-0-8223-3845-1. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Joe Austin; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America (illustrated ed.). New York: New York Univ. Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8147-0646-6.
- ^{Ken Gelder} page: 309 from chapter: Black hair/style politics by Kobena Mercer
^ John D. DeLamater (2003). Handbook of social psychology (illustrated ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 165–168. ISBN 978-0-306-47695-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^ "RhymeZone – Psychedelia". Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ "memidex – Psychedelias". Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ "Adventures Through Inner Space: Meet the 'Psychonauts'". 28 November 2000. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ "New Designer Drugs Are In Legal Gray Area". 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder
- 121-124, 127-128 Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
- 138 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie
^
Sources:
- ^{Ken Gelder}
  - chapter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192
  - chapter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496 Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
  - chapter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543
- Angela McRobbie (1994). Postmodernism and popular culture (illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 168–170. ISBN 978-0-415-07713-2.
- Cameron Hazlehurst (1998). Transaction Publishers (ed.). Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. Transaction Publishers. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-1-56000-363-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Gavan Titley, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport (2004). Resituating culture. Council of Europe. pp. 181, 183–184. ISBN 978-92-871-5396-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Brian Longhurst; Gaynor Bagnall; Greg Smith; Garry Crawford; Scott McCracken; Miles Ogborn; Elaine Baldwin (2008). Introducing Cultural Studies (2, illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-1-4058-5843-4. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^
Sources:
- ^Goodlad, page 67
- ^Epstein 148-183 Chapter "'Don't need you': Rethinking identity politics and separatism from a grrrl perspective, by Mary Celeste Kearney
- ^Muggleton, 253-256
^ ^a ^b ^Muggleton, pages 721,728 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 94, 109-110 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
- 295 from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
^
Sources:
- Gary Alan Fine (1983). Shared Fantasy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–38, 236––. ISBN 978-0-226-24944-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Stanley W. Beeler; Stan Beeler; Lisa Dickson (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-183-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^
Sources:
- ^Epstein, page 100
- ^{Ken Gelder} pages 103 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al. (rudies = rude boys)
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 90, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen
- 131 Archived 2021-03-03 at the Wayback Machine from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
^ {{cite news|title=Sources for Scouting:|* Tammy M. Proctor (2002). "On my honour": Guides and Scouts in interwar Britain, Volume 92, Part 2. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-922-0.
^ ^a ^b
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 294, from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige
- 339, from chapter "Tattoo enthusiasts. Subculture or figuration? (2003)" by Michael Atkinson
- 370-381, from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
- 471, chapter "Communities and scenes in popular music (1991)" by Will Straw
^ "The Skinheads". Time. 1970-06-08. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2010-05-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Soulboy
^
Sources for steampunk:
- Erico Gizzo. "The steampunk contraptors". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 45, no. 10. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4635034.
- La Ferla, Ruth (2008-05-08). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- "Visões Perigosas: Para uma genealogia do cyberpunk". E-compos Revista da Associação Nacional Dos Programas de Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação. 6 (in Portuguese). Estudos Culturais: 7. August 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
- Adriana Amaral (December 2008). "Subculturas e cibercultura(s): para uma genealogia das identidades de um campo". Famecos (in Portuguese) (37): footnote 13 in page 6. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
^
Sources for swinging:
- Mary Lindenstein Walshok ‌ (April 1971). "The Emergence of Middle-Class Deviant Subcultures: The Case of Swingers". Social Problems. 18 (4): 488–495. doi:10.2307/799723. JSTOR 799723.
- Marilyn Coleman; Lawrence H. Ganong; Kelly Warzinik (2007). Family Life in 20th-Century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 276–278. ISBN 978-0-313-33356-9. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^
Sources:
- ^{Ken Gelder} pages:
  - 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder
  - 111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
- Mike Brake (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-7100-0364-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
- 98, 101, 102 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.
- 105, 107 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber
- 126 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige
- 161-162 from chapter "Symbols of trouble" by Stanley Cohen
- 273 from chapter "Introduction to part five" by Ken Gelder
- 284-287 from chapter "Fashion and revolt (1963)" by T. R. Fyvel
- 309 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer
- 367 Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, 372 from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy
^ source: https://it.m.wikipedia.orghttps://demo.azizisearch.com/starter/google/wikipedia/page/Tamarro Archived 2020-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ordered Misbehavior – The Structuring of an Illegal Endeavor Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine by Alf Rehn. A study of the illegal subculture known as the "warez scene".
^ Herman, Andrew; Swiss, Thomas (2014-04-08). The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory: Magic, Metaphor, Power. p. 103. ISBN 9781135205126. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^
Zazou sources:
- Larry Portis (2004). French Frenzies: A Social History of Pop Music in France. College Station, Texas: Virtualbookworm.com. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-58939-547-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Diana Crane (2001). Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing (illustrated ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-226-11799-7. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- Anthony Uhlmann (1999). Beckett and Poststructuralism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-521-64076-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^ "South Africans and their Subcultures". House of York. 26 Sep 2014.

References[edit]

Bell, David, ed. (2001). "Cybersubcultures". An Introduction to Cybercultures. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24659-0.
Epstein, Jonathon S. (1998). Youth Culture: Identity in a Postmodern World. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-55786-851-0.
Gelder, Ken, ed. (2005). The Subcultures Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34415-9. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
Goodlad, Lauren M. E.; Bibby, Michael (2007). Goth. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3921-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
Muggleton, David (2002). Inside Subculture: The Postmodern Meaning of Style. Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85973-352-3.

[1] BDSM sources:
Juliet Richters; Richard O. de Visser; Chris E. Rissel; Andrew E. Grulich; Anthony M.A. Smith (July 2008). "Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (7): 1660–1668. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x. PMID 18331257.

Sandra R. Leiblum (2006). Principles and practice of sex therapy. Guilford Press. pp. 380, 405. ISBN 978-1-59385-349-5.

[2] Juliet Richters; Richard O. de Visser; Chris E. Rissel; Andrew E. Grulich; Anthony M.A. Smith (July 2008). "Demographic and Psychosocial Features of Participants in Bondage and Discipline, "Sadomasochism" or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey". Journal of Sexual Medicine. 5 (7): 1660–1668. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x. PMID 18331257.

[3] Sandra R. Leiblum (2006). Principles and practice of sex therapy. Guilford Press. pp. 380, 405. ISBN 978-1-59385-349-5.

[2] {Ken Gelder} pages 295 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine. Chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige

[3] Joachim Kersten (2003). "Street Youths, Bosozoku, and Yakuza: Subculture Formation and Societal Reactions in Japan". Crime & Delinquency. 39 (3): 277–295. doi:10.1177/0011128793039003002. S2CID 143674993.

[4] Theodore Trefon (2004). Reinventing order in the Congo: how people respond to state failure in Kinshasa (illustrated ed.). Zed Books. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-84277-491-5. Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-09-24.

[5] Xue, Katherine (2014). "Synthetic Biology's New Menagerie". Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[6] Haywire, Rachel (20 March 2012). "Becoming Ourselves". Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[7] Sources for Boispedink: Alan M. Klein (1993). Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1559-7. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
KOERT W. (March 28, 1988). "Tales of lies. The bodybuilder's body between reality and fantasy". Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdschrift. 25 (2): 276–294, 324. ISSN 0921-4933. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.

Andrew Yiannakis; Merrill J. Melnick (2001). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 413–425. ISBN 978-0-7360-3710-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[10] KOERT W. (March 28, 1988). "Tales of lies. The bodybuilder's body between reality and fantasy". Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdschrift. 25 (2): 276–294, 324. ISSN 0921-4933. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2008.

[11] Andrew Yiannakis; Merrill J. Melnick (2001). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. Human Kinetics. pp. 413–425. ISBN 978-0-7360-3710-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[8] Sources:
Gerald W. McFarland (2001). Inside Greenwich Village: A New York City Neighborhood, 1898-1918. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-55849-299-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

Mike Brake (1980). The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures: sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll (reprinted ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7100-0364-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[13] Gerald W. McFarland (2001). Inside Greenwich Village: A New York City Neighborhood, 1898-1918. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-55849-299-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[14] Mike Brake (1980). The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures: sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll (reprinted ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7100-0364-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[gagne-9] Isaac Gagné (June 2008). "Urban Princesses: Performance and "Women's Language" in Japan's Gothic/Lolita Subculture". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. Blackwell Publishing. 18 (1): 130–176(21). doi:10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00006.x.

[10] {bell 2001}, pages 101-102, 154-184

[11] Sources:
Marc Marschark (1997). Psychological Development of Deaf Children (reprint, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-511575-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

Jeffery P. Braden (1994). Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ (illustrated ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-306-44686-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[18] Marc Marschark (1997). Psychological Development of Deaf Children (reprint, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-511575-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[19] Jeffery P. Braden (1994). Deafness, Deprivation, and IQ (illustrated ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-306-44686-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[12] Sources:
Lysloff, René T. A.; Gay, Leslie C. (2003). Music and technoculture (illustrated ed.). Wesleyan University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-8195-6514-3.

"Course Description: The Demoscene: An Introduction to Programming and Subcultures". Columbia College Chicago. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2009-04-15.

[21] Lysloff, René T. A.; Gay, Leslie C. (2003). Music and technoculture (illustrated ed.). Wesleyan University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-8195-6514-3.

[22] "Course Description: The Demoscene: An Introduction to Programming and Subcultures". Columbia College Chicago. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2009-04-15.

[13] Sources for emo subculture:
Shirley R. Steinberg; Priya Parmar; Birgit Richard (2006). Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33729-1. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2008-08-20.

Lydia Scott; Anna Chur-Hansen (2008-06-02). "The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting". Australasian Psychiatry. 16 (5): 359–62. doi:10.1080/10398560802027328. PMID 18608151. S2CID 31717119.

Michele Kirsch (2008-07-06). "Emotionally challenged". The Times. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-08-20.

Chris Hawley (2008-04-18). "Subculture clash among Mexico youth". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-08-20.

Martin, G. (2006). "Editorial. On suicide and subcultures" (PDF). Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health. 5 (3): 1–5. doi:10.5172/jamh.5.1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
Ianto Ware (2008). "Andrew Keen Vs the Emos: Youth, Publishing, and Transliteracy". M/C Journal. 11 (4). doi:10.5204/mcj.41. Archived from the original on 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2008-10-12.

[24] Shirley R. Steinberg; Priya Parmar; Birgit Richard (2006). Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33729-1. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2008-08-20.

[25] Lydia Scott; Anna Chur-Hansen (2008-06-02). "The mental health literacy of rural adolescents: Emo subculture and SMS texting". Australasian Psychiatry. 16 (5): 359–62. doi:10.1080/10398560802027328. PMID 18608151. S2CID 31717119.

[26] Michele Kirsch (2008-07-06). "Emotionally challenged". The Times. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-08-20.

[27] Chris Hawley (2008-04-18). "Subculture clash among Mexico youth". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-08-20.

[28] Martin, G. (2006). "Editorial. On suicide and subcultures" (PDF). Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health. 5 (3): 1–5. doi:10.5172/jamh.5.1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-11-05.

[14] Fred Davis; Laura Munoz (2011). "8. Heads and freaks: patterns and meanings of drug use among hippies". In Lee Rainwater (ed.). Deviance and Liberty: Social Problems and Public Policy. Aldine Transaction. pp. 88–95. ISBN 978-1-4128-1503-1. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2016-09-24.

[15] EF Dickson (24 Feb 2020). "Flat Earth Community Undeterred by Death of 'Mad' Mike Hughes". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 Apr 2022.

[16] Stephanie Pappas (5 Feb 2018). "Flat Earth: What Fuels the Internet's Strangest Conspiracy Theory?". Live Science. Retrieved 26 Apr 2022.

[17] Sources for glam:
Jon Stratton (June 2006). "Why Doesn't Anyone Write about Glam Rock". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1). Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2014-05-03.

Gina Marchetti (December 1998). "Fringe cultures". Jump Cut (42). Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2008-10-03.

Peter Childs; Mike Storry (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-415-14726-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

^Goodlad, pages: 6 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 19-20 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 34-35 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 66 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 78 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 92 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 259 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine

[33] Jon Stratton (June 2006). "Why Doesn't Anyone Write about Glam Rock". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1). Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2014-05-03.

[34] Gina Marchetti (December 1998). "Fringe cultures". Jump Cut (42). Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2008-10-03.

[35] Peter Childs; Mike Storry (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-415-14726-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[36] Goodlad, pages: 6 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 19-20 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 34-35 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 66 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 78 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 92 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 259 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine

[18] Mary Jane Kehily, Open University (2007). Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities and Practices (illustrated ed.). London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-3064-2.

[19] Catherine Spooner; Emma McEvoy (2007). The Routledge Companion to Gothic. London: Routledge. pp. 195–196, 263–264. ISBN 978-0-415-39843-5.

[ken_gelder_greaser-20] {Ken Gelder} pages 91 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

[21] Sources:
^{bell 2001},pages 179-185

Douglas Thomas (2002). Hacker Culture (illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8166-3346-3.

[41] {bell 2001},pages 179-185

[42] Douglas Thomas (2002). Hacker Culture (illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8166-3346-3.

[heavy_metal-22] Sources:Jeffrey Arnett (December 1993). "Three profiles of heavy metal fans: A taste for sensation and a subculture of alienation". Qualitative Sociology. 16 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/BF00989973. S2CID 143389132.^Epstein, pages viii, 13, 265

[Fashioncore_Definitions_and_Connotations-23] "Fashioncore Definitions and Connotations". Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-09-14.

[24] {Ken Gelder} pages:
23 chapter "Introduction to part one, by Ken Gelder

91 from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

106, 110-111 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber;

127 from chapter "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

136-137 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie

304 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer

[46] 23 chapter "Introduction to part one, by Ken Gelder

[47] 91 from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

[48] 106, 110-111 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber;

[49] 127 from chapter "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

[50] 136-137 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie

[51] 304 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer

[25] Goodlad, page 68-71 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine

[26] Billy Baker (2007-03-05). "Up for the count, Jugglers may pop out on streets this spring, but the real action is in a thriving Hub subculture". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-08-04.

[ken_gelder_mod-27] {Ken Gelder} pages:
muslim

84 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 91 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen;

94 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 101 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.

[55] uslim

[56] 84 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 91 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen;

[57] 94 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, 101 Archived 2014-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.

[28] Jon Stratton (1986). "Why doesn't anybody write anything about Glan Rock?". Australian Journal of Cultural Studies. 4 (1): 15–38. Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2014-05-03.

[29] Sources for nudism:Karl Eric Toepfer (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-520-20663-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
Edwin B. Steen; James H. Price (1988). Human Sex and Sexuality: Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25544-6. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30. Pages: 179 Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine 194-196

[60] Edwin B. Steen; James H. Price (1988). Human Sex and Sexuality: Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25544-6. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30. Pages: 179 Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine 194-196

[30] Pachuco sources:
Eva Paulino Bueno; Terry Caesar (1998). Imagination beyond nation: Latin American popular culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7, 14, 227–229, 230–232, 243. ISBN 978-0-8229-5686-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

Margaret M. Lock; Judith Farquhar (2007). Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life. Durham: Duke Univ. Press. pp. 349, 355. ISBN 978-0-8223-3845-1. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

Joe Austin; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America (illustrated ed.). New York: New York Univ. Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8147-0646-6.

^{Ken Gelder} page: 309 from chapter: Black hair/style politics by Kobena Mercer

[62] Eva Paulino Bueno; Terry Caesar (1998). Imagination beyond nation: Latin American popular culture. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 7, 14, 227–229, 230–232, 243. ISBN 978-0-8229-5686-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[63] Margaret M. Lock; Judith Farquhar (2007). Beyond the Body Proper: Reading the Anthropology of Material Life. Durham: Duke Univ. Press. pp. 349, 355. ISBN 978-0-8223-3845-1. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[64] Joe Austin; Michael Willard (1998). Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-century America (illustrated ed.). New York: New York Univ. Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8147-0646-6.

[65] {Ken Gelder} page: 309 from chapter: Black hair/style politics by Kobena Mercer

[31] John D. DeLamater (2003). Handbook of social psychology (illustrated ed.). Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 165–168. ISBN 978-0-306-47695-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[32] "RhymeZone – Psychedelia". Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[33] "memidex – Psychedelias". Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[34] "Adventures Through Inner Space: Meet the 'Psychonauts'". 28 November 2000. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[35] "New Designer Drugs Are In Legal Gray Area". 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[36] {Ken Gelder} pages:
84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder

121-124, 127-128 Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

138 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie

[72] 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder

[73] 121-124, 127-128 Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

[74] 138 from chapter "Second-hand dresses and the role of the ragmarket (1989)" by Angela McRobbie

[37] Sources:
^{Ken Gelder}
chapter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192

chapter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496 Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine

chapter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543

Angela McRobbie (1994). Postmodernism and popular culture (illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 168–170. ISBN 978-0-415-07713-2.

Cameron Hazlehurst (1998). Transaction Publishers (ed.). Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. Transaction Publishers. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-1-56000-363-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

Gavan Titley, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport (2004). Resituating culture. Council of Europe. pp. 181, 183–184. ISBN 978-92-871-5396-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

Brian Longhurst; Gaynor Bagnall; Greg Smith; Garry Crawford; Scott McCracken; Miles Ogborn; Elaine Baldwin (2008). Introducing Cultural Studies (2, illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-1-4058-5843-4. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[76] {Ken Gelder}
chapter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192

chapter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496 Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine

chapter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543

[77] ter "The social logic of subcultural capital" by Sarah Thorton, page 192

[78] ter "Moments of Ecstasy: oceanic and ecstatic moments in clubbing [1999]" by Ben Malbon, page 496 Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine

[79] ter "Amateur manga subculture and the Otaku incident [2000]" by Sharon Kinsella, page 543

[80] Angela McRobbie (1994). Postmodernism and popular culture (illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. pp. 168–170. ISBN 978-0-415-07713-2.

[81] Cameron Hazlehurst (1998). Transaction Publishers (ed.). Gangs and Youth Subcultures: International Explorations. Transaction Publishers. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-1-56000-363-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[82] Gavan Titley, Council of Europe. Directorate of Youth and Sport (2004). Resituating culture. Council of Europe. pp. 181, 183–184. ISBN 978-92-871-5396-8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[83] Brian Longhurst; Gaynor Bagnall; Greg Smith; Garry Crawford; Scott McCracken; Miles Ogborn; Elaine Baldwin (2008). Introducing Cultural Studies (2, illustrated ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-1-4058-5843-4. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[38] Sources:
^Goodlad, page 67

^Epstein 148-183 Chapter "'Don't need you': Rethinking identity politics and separatism from a grrrl perspective, by Mary Celeste Kearney

^Muggleton, 253-256

[85] Goodlad, page 67

[86] Epstein 148-183 Chapter "'Don't need you': Rethinking identity politics and separatism from a grrrl perspective, by Mary Celeste Kearney

[87] Muggleton, 253-256

[muggleton_721-39] Muggleton, pages 721,728 Archived 2019-12-17 at the Wayback Machine

[40] {Ken Gelder} pages:
94, 109-110 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

295 from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige

[90] 94, 109-110 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

[91] 295 from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige

[41] Sources:
Gary Alan Fine (1983). Shared Fantasy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–38, 236––. ISBN 978-0-226-24944-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

Stanley W. Beeler; Stan Beeler; Lisa Dickson (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-183-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[93] Gary Alan Fine (1983). Shared Fantasy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–38, 236––. ISBN 978-0-226-24944-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[94] Stanley W. Beeler; Stan Beeler; Lisa Dickson (2006). Reading Stargate SG-1. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-183-0. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[42] Sources:
^Epstein, page 100

^{Ken Gelder} pages 103 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al. (rudies = rude boys)

[96] Epstein, page 100

[97] {Ken Gelder} pages 103 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al. (rudies = rude boys)

[43] {Ken Gelder} pages:
90, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

131 Archived 2021-03-03 at the Wayback Machine from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

[99] 90, from chapter "Subcultural conflict" by Phil Cohen

[100] 131 Archived 2021-03-03 at the Wayback Machine from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

[44] {{cite news|title=Sources for Scouting:|* Tammy M. Proctor (2002). "On my honour": Guides and Scouts in interwar Britain, Volume 92, Part 2. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-922-0.

[skinhead-45] {Ken Gelder} pages:
294, from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige

339, from chapter "Tattoo enthusiasts. Subculture or figuration? (2003)" by Michael Atkinson

370-381, from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy

471, chapter "Communities and scenes in popular music (1991)" by Will Straw

[103] 294, from chapter 27 "Posing... threats, striking... poses. Youth, surveillance and display (1983)" by Dick Hebdige

[104] 339, from chapter "Tattoo enthusiasts. Subculture or figuration? (2003)" by Michael Atkinson

[105] 370-381, from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy

[106] 471, chapter "Communities and scenes in popular music (1991)" by Will Straw

[skinhead_times-46] "The Skinheads". Time. 1970-06-08. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2008-09-27.

[47] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2010-05-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Soulboy

[48] Sources for steampunk:
Erico Gizzo. "The steampunk contraptors". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 45, no. 10. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4635034.

La Ferla, Ruth (2008-05-08). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2009-01-16.

"Visões Perigosas: Para uma genealogia do cyberpunk". E-compos Revista da Associação Nacional Dos Programas de Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação. 6 (in Portuguese). Estudos Culturais: 7. August 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2010-01-16.

Adriana Amaral (December 2008). "Subculturas e cibercultura(s): para uma genealogia das identidades de um campo". Famecos (in Portuguese) (37): footnote 13 in page 6. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-01-16.

[110] Erico Gizzo. "The steampunk contraptors". IEEE Spectrum. Vol. 45, no. 10. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4635034.

[111] La Ferla, Ruth (2008-05-08). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2009-01-16.

[112] "Visões Perigosas: Para uma genealogia do cyberpunk". E-compos Revista da Associação Nacional Dos Programas de Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação. 6 (in Portuguese). Estudos Culturais: 7. August 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2010-01-16.

[113] Adriana Amaral (December 2008). "Subculturas e cibercultura(s): para uma genealogia das identidades de um campo". Famecos (in Portuguese) (37): footnote 13 in page 6. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-01-16.

[49] Sources for swinging:
Mary Lindenstein Walshok ‌ (April 1971). "The Emergence of Middle-Class Deviant Subcultures: The Case of Swingers". Social Problems. 18 (4): 488–495. doi:10.2307/799723. JSTOR 799723.

Marilyn Coleman; Lawrence H. Ganong; Kelly Warzinik (2007). Family Life in 20th-Century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 276–278. ISBN 978-0-313-33356-9. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[115] Mary Lindenstein Walshok ‌ (April 1971). "The Emergence of Middle-Class Deviant Subcultures: The Case of Swingers". Social Problems. 18 (4): 488–495. doi:10.2307/799723. JSTOR 799723.

[116] Marilyn Coleman; Lawrence H. Ganong; Kelly Warzinik (2007). Family Life in 20th-Century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 276–278. ISBN 978-0-313-33356-9. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[50] Sources:
^{Ken Gelder} pages:
84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder

111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

Mike Brake (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-7100-0364-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[118] {Ken Gelder} pages:
84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder

111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

[119] 84 from chapter "Introduction to part two" by Ken Gelder

[120] 111-112 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

[121] Mike Brake (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-7100-0364-5. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[51] {Ken Gelder} pages:
98, 101, 102 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.

105, 107 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

126 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

161-162 from chapter "Symbols of trouble" by Stanley Cohen

273 from chapter "Introduction to part five" by Ken Gelder

284-287 from chapter "Fashion and revolt (1963)" by T. R. Fyvel

309 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer

367 Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, 372 from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy

[123] 98, 101, 102 from chapter "Cultures, subcultures and class", by John Clarke et al.

[124] 105, 107 from chapter "Girls and subcultures (1977)" by Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber

[125] 126 from chapter 10 "The meaning of style" by Dick Hebdige

[126] 161-162 from chapter "Symbols of trouble" by Stanley Cohen

[127] 273 from chapter "Introduction to part five" by Ken Gelder

[128] 284-287 from chapter "Fashion and revolt (1963)" by T. R. Fyvel

[129] 309 from chapter "Black hair/style politics" by Kobena Mercer

[130] 367 Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, 372 from chapter "Real men, phallicism and fascism (1996)" by Murray Healy

[52] source: https://it.m.wikipedia.orghttps://demo.azizisearch.com/starter/google/wikipedia/page/Tamarro Archived 2020-03-23 at the Wayback Machine

[53] Ordered Misbehavior – The Structuring of an Illegal Endeavor Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine by Alf Rehn. A study of the illegal subculture known as the "warez scene".

[54] Herman, Andrew; Swiss, Thomas (2014-04-08). The World Wide Web and Contemporary Cultural Theory: Magic, Metaphor, Power. p. 103. ISBN 9781135205126. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

[55] Zazou sources:
Larry Portis (2004). French Frenzies: A Social History of Pop Music in France. College Station, Texas: Virtualbookworm.com. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-58939-547-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

Diana Crane (2001). Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing (illustrated ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-226-11799-7. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

Anthony Uhlmann (1999). Beckett and Poststructuralism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-521-64076-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

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[136] Diana Crane (2001). Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing (illustrated ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-226-11799-7. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

[137] Anthony Uhlmann (1999). Beckett and Poststructuralism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-521-64076-3. Archived from the original on 2021-03-28. Retrieved 2020-11-30.

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v t e Culture
Outline
Sciences	Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory Security culture Neuroculture
Subfields	Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Cultural values Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Internet culture Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Postcritique Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing
Types	Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Low culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Popular culture Urban Primitive culture Subculture Alternative culture list Super culture Vernacular culture Culture by location
Aspects	Acculturation Cultural appreciation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural behavior Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High- and low-context cultures Interculturality Manuscript culture Material culture Non-material culture Organizational culture Print culture Protoculture Relational mobility Safety culture Technoculture Trans-cultural diffusion Transculturation Visual culture
Politics	Colonial mentality Consumer capitalism Cross cultural sensitivity Cultural assimilation Cultural attaché Cultural backwardness Cultural Bolshevism Cultural conservatism Cultural contracts Cultural deprivation Cultural diplomacy Cultural environmentalism Cultural exception Cultural feminism Cultural genocide Cultural globalization Cultural hegemony Cultural imperialism Cultural intelligence Cultural liberalism Cultural nationalism Cultural pessimism Cultural policy Cultural racism Cultural radicalism Cultural retention Cultural Revolution Cultural rights Cultural safety Cultural silence Cultural subsidy Cultural Zionism Culture change Culture minister Culture of fear Culture war Deculturalization Dominator culture Interculturalism Monoculturalism Multiculturalism Biculturalism Pluriculturalism Polyculturalism Transculturism
Religions	Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Cultural Christians Protestantism Role of Christianity in civilization Eastern Orthodoxy Mormonism Cultural Hindus Islam Cultural Muslims Judaism Sikhism
Related	Animal culture Archaeological culture Bennett scale Cannabis culture Circuit of culture Civilization Coffee culture Cross-cultural Cultural center Cultural competence Cultural critic Cultural determinism Cultural diversity Cultural evolutionism Cultural homogenization Cultural institution Cultural jet lag Cultural lag Cultural literacy Cultural mosaic Cultural movement Cultural mulatto Cultural probe Cultural relativism Culture speculation Cultural tourism Pop-culture Cultural translation Cultural turn Cultural sensibility Culture and menstruation Culture and positive psychology Culture and social cognition Culture gap Culture hero Culture industry Culture shock Culturgen Children's culture Culturalism Cyberculture Death and culture Disability culture Deaf culture Emotions and culture Intercultural communication Intercultural competence Languaculture Living things in culture Media culture Oppositional culture Participatory culture Permission culture Rape culture Remix culture Tea culture Transformation of culture Urban culture Welfare culture Western culture Youth culture
Category Commons WikiProject Changes

List of youth subcultures Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_youth_subcultures

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